






The Old Norse dictionary below (from Viking Language 1) compiles everything you need to read the sagas in their original language.
Using the Norse Dictionary
The alphabetical order is: a, á, b, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, r, s, t, u, ú, v, y, ý, x, z, þ, æ, œ, ǫ/ø. Long vowels with accent are listed after the corresponding short vowels without accent (a, á). At the end of the alphabet, æ and œ are listed separately, while ǫ and ø are listed together.
Compound Words. When looking up a compound word, go to the initial element of the compound. Hence for landnámsmaðr look under land-; and for fyrirbjóða look under fyrir-.Defective Words. Some entries are labeled defective, meaning they lack a full set of forms in the extant sources. For example, the verb kná, has no infinitive form in any of the manuscripts. The dictionary form, kná, is the 1/3 sg (first and third person) present: kná <kná, 1pl knegum, knátti, past inf knáttu> defective pret-presvb tobe able to, can; could.
Cases in the Old Norse Dictionary
Verbs and prepositions take their objects in various cases, depending on sometimes unpredictable usage. This vocabulary adopts the Icelandic convention of using the pronoun einnhverr meaning ‘somebody’ [sb] and eitthvat meaning ‘something’ [sth] to indicate which case is used with particular verbs:
[e-n] (einhvern) = somebody [sb] acc
[e-t] (eitthvat) = something [sth] acc
[e-m] (einhverjum) = (for) [sb] dat
[e-u] (einhverju) = (for) [sth] dat
[e-s] (einhvers) = (of) [sb] or [sth] gen
Conventions Employed by the Dictionary
1. Strong Masculine Nouns: the genitive singular and nominative plural endings are given after the nominative singular. For example, heimr <-s, -ar> m world; vinr <-ar, -ir> m friend.
2. Adjectives: the strong masculine accusative singular is given to indicate a stem-final -j- or -v- or syncope (loss of vowel). For example, ríkr <acc ríkjan> adj powerful; døkkr <acc døkkvan> adj dark; gǫfugr <acc gǫfgan> adj noble, distinguished.
3. Strong Verbs: the principal parts (3sg pres, 3sg past, 3pl past, and past participle) are given for each verb followed by the strong verb class in Roman numerals within parentheses. For example, fara <ferr, fór, fóru, farinn> vb (VI) to go, travel.
4. Weak Verbs: The weak verb class is given in Arabic numerals within parentheses. Additionally, the dental suffix -að- indicates when a weak verb is 1st conjugation. For example, kalla <-að-> vb to call. For all other verbs the dental (-t-, -d-, or -ð-) is given with the ending for 3sg past and ppart, for example mæla <-ti, -tr> vb to speak. When there is a change in the stem from present to past, the Vocabulary provides the forms in full: spyrja <spurði, spurðr> vb toask. When a past tense dental is added to a verb whose stem already ends in a dental (leiða, setja and senda), the two dentals often undergo change. In such instances, the Vocabulary indicates the outcome, hence leiða <-ddi, -ddr>, setja <-tti, -ttr>, and senda <-di, -dr> (that is, past tense leiddi ‘he led,’ setti ‘he set,’ sendi ‘he sent’).
5. Preterite-Present Verbs: are named so because their present tense looks like the past tense of strong verbs.
The Old Norse Dictionary
The symbol marks the 246 most common words in the sagas.
— A —
Aðalráðr konungr m King Æthelred II (the unready) of England
Aðils m Adils (personal name)
aðra f acc sg & m acc pl of annarr
aðrar f nom & acc pl ofannarr
aðrirmnom pl of annarr
af prep [w dat] from; out of, of, by; off (of); with; adv off, away
afar adv extremely
afarmenni n big or strong man
afbragð n outstanding example; afbragð þeira manna allra the most outstanding of all those men
afbrigði n deviation, transgression, offense
afl n physical strength, might, power; rammr at afli extremely strong
afreksmaðr m outstanding or exceptional man
afskipta adj indecl cheated; cut off (as from inheritance)
aft see eptir
aka <ekr, ók, óku, ekinn> vb (VI) to drive
akkeri n anchor
akr <akrs, akrar> m field, crop
ala <elr, ól, ólu, alinn> vb (VI) togive birth to; bring up, raise (children)
alda gen pl of ǫld
aldauða adj indecl extinct
aldinn adj aged, old
aldir acc pl of ǫld
aldr <-rs, -rar> m age; lifetime; old age; long period of time; vera við aldr be on in years, old
aldregi (also aldri) adv never
aldri adv never
Alfǫðr see Al(l)fǫðr
alheimskr adj completely foolish
alin <alnar~álnar> f Old Icelandic ell (about half a yard); unit of value, typically of woolen cloth
alla str m acc pl, f acc sg; wk m acc/dat/gen sg, f acc sg, n all sg of allr
allar f nom/acc pl of allr
allfríðr adj very beautiful
Al(l)fǫðr (also Alfaðir and Alfǫðr) <-s> m ‘All-father,’ father of all, Odin
allirmnom pl of allr
allmikill adj very great
allr <f ǫll, n allt> adj pron all, entire, whole, all over
allra gen pl of allr
allri f dat sg of allr
allt adv completely, entirely; everywhere; allt til Orkneyja all the way to the Orkney Islands; allt til þess right up to that point; allt upp undir right up under
almenning (also almenningr, m) f common land, pasture; general public; conscription
Alrekr <-s> m Alrek (personal name)
alsnotr adj sagacious, wise (of a woman)
alsvartr adj pure black
Alþingi n Icelandic assembly, parliament
alþýða f all the people, the majority of the people, the public, the common people
ambátt (also ambótt) <pl -ir> f handmaid, maidservant
ambótt var of ambátt
andimbreath, spirit
Andvari m Andvari (personal name)
angr <gen angrs> m grief, sorrow
annanmacc sg of annarr
annarr <f ǫnnur, n annat> adj/pron one of two, other, another; ord second; annarr … annarr conj one … the other; different
annarra gen pl of annarr
aptann <dat aptni, gen aptans, pl aptnar> m evening
aptr <comp aptar(r), superl apta(r)st> adv back, again
arfi m heir
arfr <-s> m inheritance
argr adj cowardly, effeminate, (passively) homosexual
Ari <-a> m Ari (personal name) Ari fróði Ari the Learned
arinn ppart of erja (m nom sg)
armr m arm
armr adj poor, unfortunate, unhappy; vile, wretched, wicked
arnar gen of ǫrn
Arnfastr <-s> m Arnfast (personal name)
Arnórr <-s>m Arnor(personal name)
aska <acc/dat/gen sg ǫsku> f ash, ashes
askr <-s, -ar> m ash, ash tree; ash spear; small ship; the great ash tree, Yggdrasill
Assurr (also Ǫzurr) <-s> m Assur (personal name)
at prep [w dat] at, in; as to, as, with respect to; on account of, by reason of; close up to, around, by
at conj that
at inf marker to
atall <f ǫtul, n atalt> adj fierce, aggressive
Atall <-s> m Atal, name of a Viking (personal name)
atburðr <-ar, -ir> m occurrence, event; af þessum atburði because of this incident
atganga f attack
atgervimaðr var of atgørvimaðr
atgǫngu acc/dat/gen of atganga
atgørvif and n ability, talent, accomplishment; at atgørvi in ability (esp physical)
atgørvimaðr (also atgervimaðr) m man of accomplishments
atkváma f arrival
atlaga f attack; laying ships alongside for attack
atróðr <gen atróðrs> m rowing towards, rowing against
atseta f a royal residence
auðgari comp adj of auðigr richer, wealthier
auðgastr superl of auðigr richest, wealthiest
auðgi weak m nom sg of auðigr
Auðhumla f Audhumla, the primeval cow
auðigr (also auðugr) <acc auðgan> adj rich, wealthy; auðigr at fé wealthy
auðugr var of auðigr
auga <pl gen augna> neye
augun = auga + in
auk prep [w gen] aside from
auka <eykr, jók, jóku~juku, aukinn> vb (VII) toincrease, augment; [w dat] add; exceed, surpass
aurr <-s> m mud
ausa <eyss, jós, jósu, ausinn> vb (VII) topour, sprinkle; ausa [e-n]/[e-t] [e-m] sprinkle [sb/sth] with [sth]; ausa bát bail a boat
austan adv from the east
Austfirðir m pl East Fjords(place name)
Austmaðr (pl Austmenn) m person from the east, Norwegian
austr <-rs, superl austastr> n east; adv eastward
austrfǫr <pl austfarar> f (usu in pl) travels to the east
Austri m Austri (personal name)‘East’, one of the dwarves holding the sky
Austrlǫnd n pl the eastern lands; eastern Europe; Russia and the Orient
austrvegr <-s, -ir> m the east, i.e., the Baltic, lit the eastern way; fara í austrveg trading or raiding in the Baltic or journeying east and south down the rivers of Russia
austrœnn adj eastern
auvirðismaðr m worthless wretch, wretched man
— Á —
á <gen ár, pl ár, dat ám, gen á> f river
á 1/3sg pres of eiga
á prep [w acc] onto, on, towards (motion); with respect to; [w dat] on; upon; at; in (position); á morgun tomorrow
á brott adv away
á milli var of milli
áðr adv before; already; earlier; áðr en conj before, until
áeggjun <-ar> f egging on, urging
ágætr <comp ágætari, superl ágætastr> adj excellent
ágrip n collection, compendium; lítill ágripum small of size
ái <á, ár> m great-grandfather
ákafamaðr m aggressive man
ákafliga adv exceedingly, very; vehemently, impetuosly
ákafr <f ákǫf> adj fierce
ál <pl -ar> f leather strap
Álfheimr m Alfheim, World of the Elves
álfr <-s, -ar> m elf
Álim Ali (personal name); old shortening for Áleifr~Óláfr
álit n appearance
Álof f Alof (personal name)
álpt <pl álptir~elptr> f swan
Álptanes n Alptanes (place name), Swans’ Headland
álǫg n pl dues or taxes
án prep [w acc, dat, gen] without
ánni = á + inni
ár n year
árferð <pl -ir> f season, harvest
Árnes n Arness (place name)
ÁrnimArni (personal name)
ársæll adj fortunate as to the seasonal harvest; allra konunga ársælstr of all kings the most harvest-fortunate
ársælstr superl adj of ársæll most fortunate in the harvest
árvænn adj promising a good seasonal harvest
ásamt adv together
ásauðr m ewe; collectively ewes
Ása-Þórr m Thor of the Aesir
Ásbjǫrn <gen Ásbjarnar> m Asbjorn (personal name)
Ásbrú f Asbru, another name for Bifrǫst
Ásdís f Asdis (personal name)
Ásgarðr m Asgard, home, residence or fortress of the gods
Ásgerðr <acc/dat Ásgerði, gen Ásgerðar> f Asgerd (personal name)
Ásgrímr <-s> m Asgrim (personal name)
ásjá f help, aid, protection; inspection; appearance, shape
Ásmundr <-s> m Asmund (personal name)
áss <dat æsi~ás, gen áss~ásar, pl æsir, acc ásu~æsi> m god; Æsir pl one of the two major groups of gods
ást f love, affection (frequently used in plural with same meaning)
Ásta f Asta (personal name)
Ástríðr <-ar> f Astrid (personal name) Estrid
Ásvaldr <-s> m Asvald (personal name)
ásynja f goddess
át 1/3sg past of eta
átt 2sg pres of eiga; ppart of eiga (n nom/acc sg)
átta 1sg past of eiga
átta <ord áttandi~áttundi, átti, eighth> num eight
átti 3sg past of eiga
át(t)ján <ord át(t)jándi, eighteenth> num eighteen
áttu 3pl past of eiga
áttugandi ord num eighty
ávalt (also of allt) adv alwaysávanr <f ávǫn, n ávant> adj only in n and the phrase [e-s] er ávant [sth] is wanted, needed
— B —
bað 1/3sg past of biðja
baðmr <-s> m tree
bak n back
Baldr <-rs> m Baldr (personal name)
Balli (also Baldi) m Balli (personal name)
bana <-að-> vb (1)[w dat] to kill
banahǫgg n death-blow
banamaðr m killer, executioner, slayer
banasár n fatal wound, death
band <pl bǫnd> band, cord; the act of binding; pl bands, fetters; poet gods
bani m death, bane, slayer
bann n prohibition, ban
banna <-að-> vb to ban, forbid, prohibit
bar 1/3sg past of bera
bardagi m fight, battle; beating, thrashing
barð n brim of a helmet or hat; verge or edge of a hill; prow of a ship
barðisk 2/3sg past of berjask
barn <pl bǫrn> n child
barnœska f childhood
barr n foliage, often needles (of pine, etc.)
Barreyjar f pl Barra Isle in the Outer Hebrides
bart 2sg past of bera
batna <-að-> vb (1) to improve; impers [e-m] batnar one recovers
batnaði 3sg past of batna
batt 1/3sg past of binda
bauð 1/3sg past of bjóða
baugr <-s, -ar> m ring, bracelet, armlet
bauzt 2sg past mid of bjóða; bauztu = bauzt + þú
bazt superl adv var of bezt best
baztr superl adj var of beztr best
báðir <f báðar, n bæði, gen beggja > adj pron dual both
Bálki Blæingsson m Balki Blæingsson (personal name)
Bárðr <-ar> m Bard (personal name); Bárðr svarti Bard the Black; Bárðarson Bard’s son
bátr <-s, -ar> m boat
báðu 3pl past of biðja
báru 3pl past of bera
beðin(n), beðit ppart of biðja or bíða (nom sg)
beggja all gen pl of báðir
beið 3sg past of bíða
beiða <beiddi, beiddr> vb (2) [w gen] to ask, beg; beiða [e-n] [e-s] ask [sb] for [sth]; beiðask mid ask for, request on one’s own behalf
beiddisk 3sg past of beiðask
beiddusk 3pl past of beiðask
bein n bone
beinahrúga f bone-pile
beiskr adj bitter, acrid; angry, exasperated; painful, sore
beiting <pl -ar> f grazing, pasturage
bekkr <dat bekk, gen -s~-jar, pl -ir> m bench
belgr <dat belg, gen -s~-jar, pl -ir> m pelt, skin of an animal (taken off whole); skin-bag; bellows
belja <-að-> vb (1) to bellow
bella <bellr, ball, –, –> defective vb [w dat] to hit, hurt
bella <-di, -tr> vb (2)[w dat] to venture (into)
belti n belt
ben <gen -jar> f (mortal) wound
bera <berr, bar, báru, borinn/borin/borit> vb (IV) to bear, carry; give birth; bera saman collect; compare; bera um carry about; bera ørendi sín (upp) fyrir [e-n] plead one’s case before [sb]; tell one’s errand [sb]
Berfœttr n bare-foot, bare-legged
berg n boulder; cliff; mountain
bergr 2/3sg pres of bjarga
berja <barði, barðr~bariðr> vb (3) to strike, beat; berjask mid fight
berr adj naked, bare; unsheathed (of a sword)
berserkr <-s, -ir> m berserker
berserksgangr <-s> m fury of a berserker, going berserk
betr comp adv of vel, better
betri comp adj of góðr, better
beysta <beysti, beystr> vb (2) to bruise, beat
beytill <-s> m horse-prick, horse penis; horse or male sexual member; Equisetum hyemale, rough horsetail, a common fescue grass in Iceland, also called in English scouring rush and scouring rush horsetail, resembles a horse penis; góibeytill appears in Landnámabók.
bezt (also bazt) superl adv of vel best
beztr (also baztr) superl adj of góðr best
biðja <biðr, bað, báðu, beðinn> vb (V) to ask, request; beg; command, tell; wish; biðja [e-n] [e-s] ask [sb] for [sth]; biðja gera command to be made
bifask <-ði, -ðr also -að-> vb mid (1) to shake, tremble, quake; be moved
Bifrǫst f Bifrost, rainbow bridge that connects Miðgarðr and Ásgarðr
bikkja f female dog, bitch
bila <-að-> vb (1)to fail
Bilskírnir m Bilskirnir, Thor’s hall
binda <bindr, batt, bundu, bundinn> vb (III) to bind, tie, fasten; bind up (a wound); pledge; binda í [e-u] bind to [sth], bind on [sth]
birnir nom pl of bjǫrn
bíða <bíðr, beið, biðu, beðinn> vb (I) [w gen] to wait for, remain, abide; [w acc] suffer, undergo
bíta <bítr, beit, bitu, bitinn> vb (I) to bite, bite through; rip apart
bjalla <gen bjǫllu, pl bjǫllur> f bell
bjarg <pl bjǫrg> n rock, boulder; cliff
bjarga <bergr, barg, burgu, borginn> vb (III)[w dat] to save, help
Bjarnardóttir f Bjorn’s daughter (personal name)
Bjarnarfjǫrðr m Bjorn’s Fjord (place name)
Bjarni m Bjarni (personal name)
bjartr <f bjǫrt, n bjart; comp bjartari, superl bjartastr> adj bright
bjó 1/3sg past of búa
bjóða <býðr, bauð, buðu, boðinn> vb (II) [w acc] to offer; [w dat] invite; order, command; bjóða [e-m] sætt offer [sb] reconciliation; bjóða [e-n] [e-m] at sætt offer [sth] to [sb] for reconciliation
bjuggu (also bjoggu) 3pl past of búa
bjǫrn <dat birni, gen bjarnar, pl birnir, acc bjǫrnu> m bear
Bjǫrn <dat Birni, gen Bjarnar> m Bjorn (personal name); Bjǫrn buna Bjorn buna
blanda <blendr, blétt, bléndu, blandinn; also -að->vbmix, blend, blanda [e-t][e-u] mix [sth] with [sth]; also blanda [e-u] við [e-t]
blautr adj soft; soaked, wet
blár <f blá, n blátt> adj blue; dark, black; blátǫnn (nickname) ‘Bluetooth’
blása <blæss, blés, blésu, blásinn> vb (VII) to blow
Bleking f Blekinge, Denmark (place name), now part of Sweden
blendu 3pl pres of blanda
blét(u) 3sg past(pl) of blóta
blindr adj blind
blíðr adj happy
blóð n blood; blóðøx (nickname) ‘Bloodaxe’
blót n sacrifice
blóta <blœtr, blét, blétu, blótinn> vb (VII)[w acc] to worship; worship with sacrifice; [w dat] sacrifice, sacrifice in worship
blóta <-að> vb (1) [w acc] to worship; worship with sacrifice; [w dat] sacrifice, sacrifice in worship; curse
blótuðu 3pl past of blóta (vb)
blunda <-að> vb (1) to shut the eyes, doze
Blængr <-s> m Blaeng (personal name)
blœtr 2/3sg pres of blóta
boða <-að-> vb (1) to proclaim, preach at boða kristni to preach Christianity; [w dat] order, summon
boðinn ppart of bjóða
bogi m bow
bokki (also bǫkki) m buck, fellow (used as a manner of address); bokki sæll my good fellow, good sir, boss
Bolli m Bolli (personal name)
boløx f broad-axe
borð f board, plank; side of a ship ship (larboard and starboard); board, table; board, food, upkeep; á borð on one side (of a ship)
borg <pl -ir> f stronghold, fortification; town
Borg f Borg (place name)
Borgarfjǫrðrm(place name)
borgarmaðr m garrisoned soldier; townsman
borgit ppart of bjarga (n nom/acc sg)
borinn/borin/borit ppart of bera
bóandi <pl bóendr> m var of bóndi
bógr <dat bœgi, gen bógar, pl bœgir, acc bógu> m shoulder of an animal
bók <gen bókar~bœkr, pl bœkr> f book
ból n lair
bóndi (also bóandi & búandi) <gen bónda, pl bœndr> m husband; farmer; head of a household
bót <pl bœtr> f bettering, cure, remedy; adornment; pl compensation, atonement; at bótum as atonement
brann 1/3sg past of brenna
Brattahlíð f Brattahlid (place name), Steep-Slope
brauð n bread
braut var of brott
braut 1/3sg past of brjóta
brautflutning <pl -ar> f carrying off
brauzk 1,2,3sg past of brjótask
brauzt 2sg past of brjóta
brá <gen brár, pl brár> f eyelash
brá 1/3sg past of bregða
bráðgǫrr adj matured early in life, precocious
bráðr <n brátt> adj sudden; hot-tempered, hasty
bráðum adv soon, shortly
brásk 1/3sg past mid of bregða
brátt adv soon, suddenly; brátt er as soon as
bregða <bregðr, brá, brugðu, brugðinn> vb (III) [w dat] to move quickly; draw, brandish (a weapon); break (faith or an oath); turn, alter, change; break off, leave off, give up; bregða við [e-u] to ward off with, parry with [sth]; bregðask mid fail, come to nothing; bregðask [e-m] deceive, disappoint [sb]; bregðask í [e-t] shapechange, turn into [sth]
breiða <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to spread; stretch; display
Breiðablik n Breidablik, hall of the god Baldr (place name)
Breiðafjarðardalir m pl Dales of Breidafjord (place name)
Breiðafjǫrðr m Breidafjord, Broad Fjord (place name)
breiðara comp adv of breitt, more broadly
breiðr <f breið, n breitt> adj broad
breitt adv broadly
brekka f slope
brenna <brennr, brann, brunnu, brunninn> vb intrans (III) to burn
brenna <-di, -dr> vb trans (2) to burn
brenni 3sg/pl pres subj of brenna
bresta <brestr; brast, brustu, brostinn> vb (III) to burst, break, crash; bresta niðr crash down
Brísingamen n necklace of Freyja
brjóst n chest, breast
brjóta <brýtr, braut, brutu, brotinn> vb (II) tobreak, break up, break open; brjótask mid of brjóta; brjótask til ríkis fight for the kingdom; see brauzt; brauzk
Brodd-Helgi <-s> m Spike-Helgi (personal name)
broddr <-s, -ar> m spike, see mannbroddr
brotna <-að-> vb (1) tobreak
brott (also (á/í) brottu, burt & (í) braut) adv away, off
bróðir <acc/dat/gen bróður, pl brœðr, dat brœðrum, gen brœðra> m brother
bróðurdóttir f brother’s-daughter, niece
bróðurgjǫld n pl wergeld, ransom, or compensation for a dead brother
brunnr <-s, -ar> m well; spring
brutu 3pl past of brjóta
brú <gen brúar, pl brúar~brúr~brýr, dat brúm> f bridge; causeway built over swampy ground
brúðfénbride’s fee or gift
brúðkaup n wedding feast
brúðlaup n wedding feast
brúðr <acc/dat brúði, gen brúðar, pl brúðir> f bride; poet woman
brúnn adj brown
bryggja f pier; dock; quay, gangway [sometimes carried on ships]; in some instances, a bridge in the pl as a series of piers with pilings forming a long gangway
byggja (also byggva) <bygði, bygðr> vb (2) to settle; occupy; inhabit, dwell
bryggurnar f pl nom and acc, see bryggja
Brynhildr f Brynhild (personal name)
brynja f chain-mail shirt
brynjulauss adj without armor
brytimsteward, person in charge of food supply; bailiff
brœðr nom/acc pl of bróðir
brœkr f pl breeches
buna f buna (nickname of uncertain meaning, perhaps ‘one with ungartered stockings,´ i.e., hanging down his leg)
Buri m Buri (personal name), grandfather of Odin
burlufótr m clumsy-foot (meaning uncertain)
burr <-ar, -ir> m poet son
burt var of brott
bú (also bý) <dat pl búm> n home, house, household; farm; estate
búa <býr, bjó, bjoggu~bjuggu, búinn> vb (VII) to live (in a place), dwell, inhabit, live; prepare, make ready; arrange; búask mid prepare, get oneself ready; búask til [e-s] prepare oneself for [sth]; búask um make oneself secure, prepare
búandi <pl búendr> var of bóndi
buð f booth; cabin; dwelling
búfén cattle
búimdweller, inhabitant
búinn ppart of búa ready, prepared
búizk ppart of búask (búit + sk)
Búseyra f Buseyra, a giantess killed by Thor
búss m type of wood
bygð f abode
bygði 3sg past of
byggðisk 2/3sg past mid of byggva~byggja
byggt ppart of byggva (n nom/acc sg)
byggja var of byggva
byrðr f burden
byrja <-að-> vb (1) to begin
byrr <-jar, -ir> m fair wind
bý (var of bú) <dat pl býum> n home, house, household; farm; estate
býðr 2/3sg pres of bjóða
býfluga f bee
bæði adv both; bæði … ok conj both … and
bæðinof báðir
bær var of bœr
bœgi dat sg of bógr
bœn f prayer, request
bœr (also bær) <gen bœjar~býjar, pl bœir, dat bœjum, gen bœja> m farm, farmhouse, farmstead; landed estate; town
bœta <-tti, -ttr> vb (2) to better, make compensation
Bǫðvarr <-s> m Bodvar (personal name); Bǫðvarr Bjarki one of King Hrolf’s champions
bǫkki var of bokki
bǫl <gen pl bǫlva> n misfortune
bǫlvasmiðr m contriver of mischief, misfortune
Bǫlþorn <-s> m Bolthorn, ‘Thorn of Bad Luck,’ father of Bestla
bǫrðusk 3pl past mid of berja
bǫrn pl of barn
Bǫrr m Bor (personal name), son of Buri and father of Odin
— D —
daga <-að-> vb (1) to dawn
dagmál n nine in the morning
dagr <dat degi, gen dags, pl dagar> m day; í dag today; um daginn eptir (on) the day after, the next day; lifetime
dagsmark n day-mark, time of day
Dala-Kollson m son of Dala-Koll (Kollr personal name), Koll of the Dales from Dalir)
Dalir m pl (Dalir, place name) Dales; dala gen pl of dalir; Dalar pl nom an old form of the word
dalr <dat dal, gen dals, pl dalir/dalar~dalir> m valley, dale
dalr <gen dalar> m poet bow
Danavirki n Danevirke (place name) ‘Wall of the Danes’, fortification across southern Jutland
Danir m pl Danes
Danmarkar gen of Danmǫrk; Danmarkarbót (nickname) ‘Denmark’s Adornment’, Betterment, Enhancement
Danmǫrk <gen Danmarkar> f Denmark
danskr adj Danish
datt 1/3sg past of detta
dauðr <f dauð, n dautt> adj dead
daufr adj deaf
dautt n nom/acc sg of dauðr
dáð f deed
Dáinsleif f Dainsleif, name of Hogni’s sword, ‘Dain’s Inheritance’
detta <dettr, datt, duttu, dottinn> vb (III) to drop, fall
deyja <deyr, dó, dó, dáinn> vb (VI) to die
djarfr <f djǫf, n djarft> adj bold, daring
djúpauðigr/djúpauðga adj deep-minded
djúpvitr adj deep-witted, resourceful
dó 1/3sg & 3pl past of deyja
Dómaldim Domaldi (personal name)
dómr <-s, -ar> m court; judgement (whether favorable or unfavorable); renown
dómstaðrmplace where court is held
dóttir <acc/dat/gen dóttur, pl dœtr, dat dœtrum, gen dœtra> f daughter
draga <dregr, dró, drógu, dreginn> vb (VI) topull, draw, drag; dragask mid move, draw oneself, be drawn
drakk 1/3sg past of drekka
dramblæti n pride, haughtiness
drap 1/3sg past of drepa
drapt 2sg past of drepa
drasillmpoet horse
draumr <-s, -ar> m dream; henda mikit gaman at draumum take great interest in dreams
draup 1/3sg past of drjúpa
dráp n killing, murder
drápu3pl past of drepa
dreginn ppart of draga
dregit ppart of draga
dreifa <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to spread, scatter; dreifask mid be spread out
dreki m dragon-ship
drekka <drekkr, drakk, drukku, drukkinn> vb (III) to drink
drekkja <-ti, -tr> vb (2) [w dat] to submerge; fig suppress; impers [e-m] drekkir [sb] is drowned
drengiligr adj brave, valiant
drengr m bold man
drepa <drepr, drap, drápu, drepinn> vb (V) to slay, kill, smite; strike, beat, knock; drepa [e-u] í [e-t] stick [sth] into [sth]
Drepstokkr <-s> m Drepstokk (place name)
dreyma <-ði~di, -t> vb (2) [w acc subj and obj] to dream; [e-n] dreymr [e-t] impers [sb] dreams [sth]
dreyra <-ði, -t> vb (2) to bleed, ooze (of blood from a slight wound)
drífa <drífr, dreif, drifu, drifinn> vb trans (I) to drive; intrans crowd, throng, drift, hurry
drjúpa <drýpr, draup, drupu, dropinn> vb (II) to drip
Droplaugarsynir m pl sons of Droplaug
drógusk 3pl past of dragask
dróttinn <dat dróttni~drottni, gen dróttins, pl dróttnar~drottnar> m lord
dróttning <dat dróttningu, pl dróttningar> f queen
drykkr <-jar, -ir> m drink
dræpi 3sg/pl past subjunct of drepa
duga <-ði, dugat> vb (4) to do; show prowess; suffice, fare duga verr fare worse (in a contest); be useful
dunði 3sg past of dynja
dúfa f dove, pigeon
dvelja <dvaldi, dvaldr~dvalinn> vb (3) to slow, stop
dvergr <-s, -ar> m dwarf
dynja <dundi~dunði, dunit> vb (3) to din, thunder, resound, whir, whizz; pour, shower
dyrr <pl dat durum, gen dura> f pl door, doorway
dys <-jar> f cairn
dýja <dúði, dúit> vb (3) to shake
dýr n wild beast; animal; deer
dœma <-di~ði, -dr~ðr> vb (2) to judge
dœmðir m nom pl ppart of dœma
dǫgg <dat dǫgg~dǫggu, gen dǫggvar, pl dǫggvar> f dew
dǫgum dat pl of dagr
Døkkálfar (also Dǫkkálfar; sg -alfr) m pl Dark Elves
døkkr <m acc sg døkkvan, m nom pl døkkvir, m acc pl døkkva, f acc sg døkkva, f pl døkkvar> adj dark
— E —
eða (also eðr) conj or; (introducing a question) but
eðr var of eða
ef conj if
efniligr adj promising
efri (also øfri) comp adj upper, inner; latter
efstr (also øfstr) superl adj uppermost, innermost; last
egg <gen pl eggja> n egg
egg <pl eggjar> f edge, blade´s edge
eggja <-að-> vb (1) to incite, goad, egg on, urge
eggskurn f egg shell
Egill <dat Agli, gen Egils> m Egil (personal name)
Egilsstaðir m pl Egilsstadir (place name) Egil’s Farmstead
eiðrofi adj indecl perjurer
eiga <á, átti, áttr> pret-pres vb to own, have, possess; marry, be married or related to; aux must, owe, be obligated, have to, need to; eiga ráðagørð take council
eigi adv not; no
eign <-ar, -ir> f property, possession
eigna <-að-> vb (1) to attribute, dedicate; mid eignask get, claim, take, become the owner of
eignaðisk 3sg past mid of eigna
eignazk ppart mid of eigna
eik <-ar, -r> f oak, tree
Einarr m Einar (personal name)
eingi var of engi
einheri <-ja, -jar> m great champion (addressing Thor); einherjar pl slain warriors who dwell in Valhǫll
einmæli n private talk
einn <f ein, n eitt, ord fyrstr, first > num one; indef pro a, an; a certain one; adj alone (when placed after the noun it modifies, einn can take on the meaning ‘only’); some; merely
einnhverr adj pron some, someone, a certain one; (usu as two words, einn hverr) each, each one; einnhvern dag one day
einskipa adv with one ship
einu n dat sg of einn
einvaldi m sole ruler, monarch, sovereign
einvaldskonungr m sole ruler
Eiríkr <-s> m Eirik (personal name)
Eiríksfjǫrðr m Eiriksfjord (place name), Eirik’s Fjord
eista n testicle
eitthvat adj pron some, something, a certain one
eitthvart see einnhverr
ek <acc mik, dat mér, gen mín> pron I
ek 1sg pres of aka
ekkert late var of engi/enginn (n nom/acc sg)
ekki n nom/acc sg of engi
ekki adv not
ekr 2/3sg pres of aka
eld(a)skálimfire hall, main hall of a long house, where benches used for sitting and sleeping were warmed by a long fire that ran the length of the hall and was used for cooking
elding f last part of the night before dawn
eldr <-s~ellds~ellz, -ar> m fire
elfr <acc/dat elfi, gen elfar, pl elfar> f great river
Elfráðr inn ríki m Alfred the Great (personal name)
elgr <gen elgs~elgjar, elgir> m elk
elli f age
ellifu (also ellefu) <ord ellifti, eleventh> num eleven
ellri comp of gamall older, elder
ellztr (also elztr, elstr) superl of gamall, oldest, eldest
ellstr var of ellztr
elr 2/3sg pres of ala
elska <-að> vb (1) tolove; elskask love one another, elskask at [e-m] grow fond of [sb]
elztr var of ellztr oldest, eldest
em 1sg pres of vera
en conj but; and (in a contrastive sense); [w comp] than
en er conj but, when
en þó adv nevertheless
enda conj and; and if; even; even if; and also, and so; and yet; by the way
endi (also endir) <-is, -ar> m end
endir var of endi
endlangr adj whole length of
endr adv again, once more
engi <f engi, n ekki> indef pron no one, none, no; engir menn no one
engill <-s, -ar> m angel
engis var of enskis
Englakonungr m king of England
England n England
Englarmpl the English
engir m pl nom of engi
engrar fgen sg of engi
enkis var of enskis
enn adv yet, still; moreover
enni n forehead
enskis (also engis~enkis) m/n gen sg of engi
enskr adj English
ept var of eptir
eptir (also ept) prep [w acc] after (in time); in memory of; [w dat] after, along; according to; eptir landinu along the coast; adv after, afterwards, behind; standa eptir or vera eptir stay back, remain behind; eptir þetta after that, afterward
eptri (also aptari) comp adj farther back; latter
epztr (also aptastr) superl adj farthest back; last
er (older es) rel particle who, which, that; conj and adv when; where; þar er there where; while; as, at
er 3sg pres of vera
ér/þér pl pron of þú you; ér = þér; see þér
erendi (also ørendi, erindi) n errand, mission, its result
erfa <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to throw a funeral feast; inherit
erfiðin trouble, effort
erindi var of erendi
erja <er, arði, arinn> vb (3) to plough; scratch, scrape
Erlingr <-s> m Erling (personal name)
ert 2sg pres of vera; ertu = ert + þú
eru 3pl pres of vera
es older form of er
eta <etr, át, átu, etinn> vb (V) to eat
ey <dat ey~eyju, gen eyjar, pl eyjar> f island
eyða <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to waste; spend; do away with, destroy; make empty; eyðask mid be squandered, come to naught
eygr adj ‘-eyed’, having eyes of a certain kind
eyna acc sg of ey+in, the island
eykr 2/3sg pres of auka
eykt fthree in the afternoon
eyra <pl eyru> n ear
eyri var of eyrr
eyrir <acc/dat eyri, gen eyris, pl aurar, acc aura, dat aurum, gen aura> m ounce of silver or gold
eyrr (also eyri) <acc/dat eyri, gen eyrar, pl eyrar> f gravelly riverbank; small spit of land running into the sea
eyrun = eyru + in, see eyra
Eyrbyggjar m pl Settlers of Eyri (place name, see eyrr)
Eystrasalt n Baltic Sea
eystri comp adj of austr more eastern
Eystribyggð f Eastern Settlement (place name), part of Norse Greenland
Eyvindr <-ar> m Eyvind (personal name)
— F —
faðir <acc fǫður, dat fǫður~feðr, gen fǫður, pl feðr, dat feðrum, gen feðra> m father
fagr <f fǫgr, n fagrt, comp fegri, superl fegrstr> adj beautiful, fair, attractive
fagrt adv fairly
fala <-að-> vb to demand for purchase; fala [e-t] af [e-m] to offer to buy [sth] from [sb]
Falhófnir m Falhofnir (personal name) ‘Hidden-hoof’ (hidden by hair), or ‘Pale-hoof’, horse of the Æsir
falla <fellr, fell~féll, fellu~féllu, fallinn> vb (VII) tofall; be killed; fallask mid fail
fann 1/3sg past of finna
fannsk 3sg past of finnask
fara <ferr, fór, fóru, farinn> vb (VI) to go, travel; move; fara at go, proceed; put an end to; fara frá leave, back off, back away
farmaðr m seaman, seafarer, merchant
farmr m cargo
farþegi m passenger on a voyage
fast adv firmly
fá <fær, fekk, fengu, fenginn> vb (VII) to get, obtain, take, procure; grasp; give; deliver; get a chance to, be allowed to, be able to; [w gen] marry, fekk konu got married, lit got a wife; fá góðar viðtǫkur receive a good welcome
Fáfnir m Fafnir, a son of Hreidmar who turns himself into a dragon, brother of Regin
fáir m nom pl of fár
fála f witch, hag; ‘frightener’ (nickname)
fáláðr adj silent, reserved, taciturn
fár <f fá, n fátt, comp fær(r)i, superl fæstr> adj pron few; cold, reserved; fátt manna few men, lit few of men
fásénn adj rare
fátt see fár
fátœkr (also fátækr) adj poor, wretched
feðgar m pl father and son(s)
feginn adj glad, joyful
fegr comp adv of fagrt more beautifully, more fairly
fegrðfbeauty
fegrstr <f fegrst, n fegrst> superl adj of fagr most beautiful, most fair, most attractive
feigr adj fated to die
feitr adj fat
fekk 1/3sg past of fá
fela <felr, fal, fálu, fólginn> vb (IV) to hide, conceal
fell n hill, mountain
fell 1/3sg past of falla
fella <-di, -dr> vb (2) tofell
fellu 3pl past of falla
fen <gen pl fenja> n a fen, a quagmire, bog, swamp; a wide deep pool
fengit ppart of fá (n nom/acc sg)
fengu 3pl past of fá
ferð <pl -ir> f journey; conduct, behavior
ferma <-da, -dr> vb (2) to load, ferma [e-t] með [e-u] load [sth] with [sth]
ferr 2/3sg pres of fara
fertugandi ord num fortieth
feti m strider, stepper, pacer (name for a horse)
fé <gen fjár, gen pl fjá> n cattle, sheep; livestock; wealth, money; can include property
félagimpartner, comrade, companion, friend
félítill adj short of money, poor
fémætr adj valuable
fénu = fé + inu
féþurfi adj indecl ‘in need of money’
fimm <ord fimmti, fifth > num five
fim(m)tán <ord fim(m)tándi, fifteenth> num fifteen
fim(m)ti ord num fifth
fim(m)tíu <ord fim(m)tugandi> num fifty
fingr <gen fingrar~fingrs, pl fingr> m finger
finna <finnr, fann, fundu, fundinn> vb (III) tofind; discover; come across; finnask mid be found, be perceived, noticed; impers [w dat subj] be found, perceived, noticed by [sb]; fannsk mǫnnum orð um, and people commented on/about
FinnrmFinn (personal name)
firði dat sg of fjǫrðr
firr comp adv of fjarri further
first superl adv of fjarri farthest
fiskr m fish
fjaðralauss adj without feathers, featherless
fjaðrhamr m feather skin, coat, shape
fjall <pl fjǫll> n mountain
fjara <pl fjǫrur> f ebb-tide, ebb; shore, beach
fjarri <comp firr, superl first> adv far off
fjándi <gen fjánda; pl fjándr> m enemy
Fjón f Fyn, Denmark (place name)
fjórði ord num fourth
fjórar f nom/acc of fjórir
fjórir <f fjórar, n fjǫgur, m acc fjóra, dat fjórum, gen fjǫgurra, ord fjórði, fourth > num four
fjórtán <ord fjórtándi, fourteenth> num fourteen
fjórum dat pl of fjórir
fjǫðr ffeather
fjǫgur n nom/acc pl of fjórir
fjǫlð f multitude; poet [w gen] plenty of
fjǫlðimabundance
fjǫlkunnigr adj skilled in magic
fjǫlkyngifmagic, the black art, witchcraft, sorcery
fjǫlmennr adj in a large group, numerous; with many people, well-attended
fjǫlmennt adv in crowds, in large numbers
fjǫr <dat fjǫrvi> n life
fjǫrðr <dat firði, gen fjarðar, pl firðir, acc fjǫrðu> m fjord
fjǫrlausn f ransom for one’s life; release from life
fjǫrsegi m life-morsel, heart
fjǫru acc/dat/gen of fjara
flagð <pl flǫgð> n ogress, giantess
flaki m wicker-work shield, barrier, or covering
flakka <-að-> vb (1) toroam, wander about (as a shepherd with his sheep)
flaska f flask; flǫsku-skegg bottle-beard (nickname); flǫsku-bakr bottle-back (nickname)
flatnefr adj flat-nosed (nickname)
flaut 1/3sg past of fljóta
flá <flær; fló, flógu; fleginn> vb (VI) to flay; strip (of clothes and of money)
fleginn ppart of flá
fleinn m pike, spear; dart, shaft; fluke of an anchor
fleiri comp adj of margr more
flestr superl adj of margr most
fljóta <flýtr, flaut, flutu, flotinn> vb (II) tofloat; skipit flaut the ship floated (at anchor)
fljúga <flýgr, fló~flaug, flugu, floginn> vb (II) to fly
Flosi m Flosi (personal name)
fló 1/3 sg past of fljúga
flǫskubakr m (nickname) Flask-Back
flutt ppart of flytja
fluttu 3pl past of flytja
flutu 3pl past of fljóta
fylgja <-di~ði, -dr, ðr> vb [w dat] to follow, accompany; help, side/go with
flygir see flygja
flytja <flutti, fluttr> vb (3) to convey, move, carry; bring, deliver; tell, recite
flýgr 2/3sg pres of fljúga
flýja <-ði, flýðr~flýiðr> vb (2) to flee
fnasa <-að-> vb (1) to snort
forðum adv formerly, of old
foringimcaptain, commander, leader
formaðr (pl formenn) mcaptain, leader, chieftain, lit fore-man
formálimstipulation, condition; preamble, foreword, preface
forn adj ancient, old
forráð n administration, management; til forráða for rulership
fors <pl -ar> m waterfall
forstjórimoverseer, leader
forstreymis adv downstream
fólginn ppart of fela
fólgit ppart of fela
fólk n folk, people; poet battle
Fólkaðr (also Fólkvarðr) <-ar> m Folkad (personal name)
fór 1/3sg past of fara
fóru 3pl past of fara
fóstr <gen fóstrs> n fostering of a child; taka til fóstrs take as a foster child; vera at fóstri be a foster-child, be in a fostering relationship
fóstri m foster-son, foster-father
fótr <dat fœti, gen fótar, pl fœtr, acc fœtr> m foot, foot and leg
fram <comp fremr~framar, superl fremst~framast> adv forward; further on
framan adv from the front; framan í hann in his face
framar (also fremr) comp adv of fram farthest forward
framast (also fremst) superl adv of fram farthest forward
framaverk n great deed
frami m courage, boldness; fame, distinction; luck, advantage
frauðnfroth; juice
frá prep [w dat] from; about; adv away, away from; í frá away; þaðan frá from that point onward
frák = frá ek from fregna
fránn adj gleaming
fregna <fregn, frá, frágu, freginn> vb (V) to hear of, be informed; ask; frák (frá ek) I heard
fregnvíss adj curious
freista <-að-> vb (1) [w gen] to try, make trial of
fremr var of framar
fremst var of framast
frest n delay, respite; ljá [e-m] fresta give [sb]; respite
Freydís <acc/dat Freydísi, gen Freydísar> f Freydis (personal name)
freyða <-ddi, -tt> vb (2) to foam, froth
Freyja f fertility goddess
frétt <pl -ir> f news
friðstefna f peace meeting
friðr <dat friði, gen friðar> m peace
Frigg f Frigg, a goddess, wife of Odin
frilla f mistress, concubine
fríðastr superl of fríðr
fríðr <f fríð, n frítt> adj beautiful, handsome, fine
frost n frost
Fróði m Frodi (personal name)
fróðleikr m knowledge, magic, witchcraft
fróðr <n frótt> adj wise
frumvaxta adj indecl ‘in one’s prime’, early come into one´s prime’, full-grown
frú <frú~frúar, frúr> f mistress, lady
frægðf fame, renown
frægradj well-known
frændi <pl frændr> m kinsman, relative, friend
frœðamaðr <-manns, -menn> m learned man
frœði (also fræði) f knowledge
Frøysteinn (also Freysteinn) <-s> m Froystein (personal name)
fugl <-s, -ar> m bird
fuglakyn f family or species of bird
fuglarǫdd (fuglsrǫdd))f speech of birds (speech of a bird)
fullr adj full
fullsteikinn ppart fully roasted
fundinn ppart of finna (m nom sg)
fundnir ppart of finna (m nom pl)
fundr <-ar, -ir> m meeting; gathering; finding, discovery; koma á fund [e-s] come to a meeting with [sb]
fundu 3pl past of finna
funi m flame
fúna <-að-> vb (1) to rot, decay
fúni 3sg/pl pres subjunct of fúna
fúss adj eager fúss [e-s] eager for [sth]
fylgð f help, support; guidance; party, followers
fylgja <fylgði, fylgt> vb (2) [w dat] to accompany; follow; help, side with
fylki n province
fylkja <-ti, -t> vb (2) [w dat] to draw up (in battle array)
fylla <-di, -dr> vb (2) to fill; complete; fulfill
fyr var of fyrir prep for, in memory of
fyrir (also fyr) prep [w acc/dat] before, in front of; along; against; before, preceding, ago; above, superior to; for, on behalf of; because of; instead of; by, by means of; [w acc only] in spite of, against; [w dat only] at the head of (leading); fyrir borð overboard; fyrir fram [w acc] forward; fyrir innan [w acc] inside; fyrir neðan [w acc] below; fyrir ofan [w acc] above; fyrir útan [w acc] outside; out beyond; fyrir adv ahead, in front, before; first, before; at hand, present; vera þar fyrir be there present; fyrir því at conj because; [of place] fyrir austan in the east; east of; fyrir vestan in the west; [of time] í fyrra vetr last winter; lítill fyrir sér insignificant
fyrirbjóða <-býðr, -bauð, -buðu, -boðinn> vb (II)to forbid
fyr(ir)nema <-nemr, -nam, -námu, -numinn> vb (IV) to deprive one of speech, make silent
fyrr comp adv before, previously, sooner; at first; fyrr en conj before, sooner than, until
fyrri comp adj former, previous; comp adv (= fyrr) before, previously, sooner; rather than
fyrrum adv formerly, before
fyrst superl adv of fyrr first
fyrstr superl adj of fyrri first
fyrstr ord first
fýsa <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to urge
fær 3sg pres of fá
fær(r)i comp adj of fár fewer
fœddi 3sg past of fœða
fœddisk 2/3sg past of fœðask was born; grew up
fœða <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to feed; rear, bring up; fœða upp bring up; fœðask mid grow up, be brought up; be born; feed oneself, be fed; fœðask upp grow up, be brought up; fœðask við [e-t] to live on [sth]
fœra <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to bring, present, convey, send, give
fœtr nom/acc pl of fót
fǫður acc/dat/gen sg of faðir
fǫðurkyn n father’s kin
fǫðurmóðir m father’s mother, grandmother
fǫðursystir f father’s sister, aunt
fǫgrf nom sg of fagr
fǫrf fare, journey; expedition
fǫrum 1pl pres of fara
— G —
gaf 1/3sg past of gefa
gakk imp of ganga go!, walk!
gala <gelr, gól, gólu, galinn> vb (VI) to scream; howl; crow; chant
galeið <pl galeiðr~galeiðir> f galley
galnir ppart of gala (m nom pl)
galtar<gen> m see gǫltr
gamall <acc gamlan, f gǫmul, n gamalt, comp ellri~eldri, superl ellztr~elztr~ellstr~eldstr> adj old
gaman <dat gamni> n game, sport; pleasure, enjoyment, delight, joy
gamli see gamall
Gamli m Gamli, the Old One (personal name)
ganga <gengr, gekk, gengu, genginn> vb (VII) to walk; go; ganga af leave, go from; ganga á [e-t] encroach upon [sth]; ganga til go up to, go toward
ganga <gen gǫngu> f walk, go, move, course, procession
Gangleri m Gangleri (mythological name) Wanderer, false name adopted by the Swedish king Gylfi
garðr <-s, -ar> m enclosed space, yard; fence; court; stronghold, castle
garpr <-s, -ar> m bold, daring, courageous, or warlike man or woman
gat 3sg past of geta
gata <gen gǫtu, pl gǫtur> f way, path, road
gaumr m attention, heed; gefa at [e-u] gaum pay attention to [sth]
Gautarmpl the Goths
Gautr <-s> m Gaut (personal name)
gáfu 3pl past of gefa
gás <gásar, gæss> f goose
gefa <gefr, gaf, gáfu, gefinn> vb (V) togive, grant
gefandi <gefanda, gefendr> m giver
gefit ppart of gefa (n nom/acc sg)
gegn (also í gegn) prep [w dat] against
gegnum (also í gegnum, í gǫgnum) prep [w acc] through
geirr m spear
Geitir <-is> m Geitir (personal name)
gekk 1/3sg past of ganga
geldingr <-s, -ar> m wether, gelded sheep
gengr 2/3sg pres of ganga
gengu 3pl past of ganga
gera (also gøra) <-ði, -ðr > vb (2) to make; do, act; gera sér mikit um [e-n] make much of or admire [sb]; gerask mid become, come to pass, occur, happen
gerða <-ð> vb to fence in
gerði 3sg past of gera
gerðisk 3sg past mid of gera
gerðu 3pl past of gera
gert var of gǫrt
gestr <-s, -ir> m guest
geta <getr, gat, gátu, getinn> vb (V) to get; beget [w gen] speak of, mention; [hon] man láta getit [she] will have it told; þess er getit impers it is told; [w ppart of another verb] be able to; geta veiddan fisk be able to catch fish; impers [w dat subj] getask at [e-m/e-u] like, love [sb/sth]
geyja <3pl past gó> defective vb to bark; geyja á [e-n] abuse [sb]
gildr adj worthy, great; of full value; [w dat] valued at
Gimlé m Gimle, hall inhabited by Light Elves
ginning f deception, tricking
Ginnlaug <-ar> f Ginnlaug (personal name)
Ginnungagap n Ginnungagap, yawning or gaping void, primeval void from which the world is created
gipta <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to give away in marriage
Gizurr m Gizur (personal name) Gizurr inn hvíti Gizur the White
gígja f fiddle (nickname)
gína <gínr, gein, ginu, ginit> vb (I)to gape, yawn
gísl m bailiff; warder; hostage
gjald n tribute; payment; reward; compensation; wergeld
gjalda <geldr, galt, guldu, goldinn> vb (III)to pay, repay; give; [w gen] pay for, suffer on account of
gjalla <gellr, gall, gullu, gollinn> vb (III) to yell, scream
Gjallarbrú f Gjallarbru (place name) Gjǫll Bridge, bridge on the way to Hel
Gjallarhorn n Gjallarhorn, Yelling Horn, horn blown by the god Heimdall to announce the beginning of Ragnarok
gjarn adj eager, willing
gjarna (also gjarnan) adv eagerly, willingly, very much
gjósa <gýsr, gaus, gusu, gosinn> vb (II) to gush, burst out; erupt
glaðmæltr adj cheerful in speech
glaðr adj glad, cheerful
Glenr m Glen (personal name)horse of the Æsir or the husband of Sól (Sun)
gleypa <-ti, -tr> vb (2)to swallow
Glitnir m Glitnir, silver hall belonging to the god Forseti
glóa <-að-> vb (1) to glow, shine, glitter
glymja <glymr, glumdi, glumiðr> vb (3) to dash noisily, clatter, rattle, clash
gnaga <-að-> vb (1)to gnaw
gnesta <gnestr, gnast, gnustu, gnostinn> vb (III) to crack, clash
Gnitaheiðr f Gnitaheath, the health where Fafnir, as a dragon, lies upon great wealth
gnúa <gnýr, gneri, gneru, gnúinn> vb (VII) to rub
goð n god, one of the pagan gods (see also guð)
goðimchieftain; priest
goðorðn chieftaincy
Gormr <-s> m Gorm, first king of the Jelling dynasty in Denmark (personal name)
gott see góðr
góðan m acc sg of góðr
góðr <f góð, n gott; comp betri, superl beztr> adj good
gólf n floor
graðungr (also griðungr) <-s, -ar> m bull
grafa <grefr, gróf, grófu, grafinn> vb (VI) to dig
Gramrmname of a sword
granahárnwhisker
Grani m Grani, name of Sigurd’s horse
grannligr adj slender, slim
graptar see grǫptr
gras n grass; herb
Grágás f ‘Grey-Goose’, laws of early Iceland
grár adj gray; spiteful, malicious
gráta <grætr, grét, grétu, grátinn> vb (VII) to weep, cry
grátr <-s> m weeping
greiða <-ddi, ddr> vb (2) to comb, unravel; prepare; speed, hasten; pay
Grettir m Grettir (personal name)
grey <gen pl greyja> n dog, greyhound; bitch
grét 1/3sg past of gráta
grið n pl terms of peace
griðamark n token of peace
griðungr var of graðungr
Grikland n Greece, Byzantine Empire
Griklandseyjar f pl Greek Islands
Griklandshaf n Aegean Sea
grimmastr superl of grimmr most cruel, mose severe
grimmr adj cruel, savage; severe, stern
gripr <-ar, -ir> m (costly) thing, treasure
Grímr <-s> m Grim (personal name)
Grímnir <-s> m Grimnir (personal name) ‘Masked One’, one of Odin’s names
grípa <grípr, greip, gripu, gripinn> vb (I)to grasp, seize
grjót n stone; hail of stones
gróa <grœr, greri~grøri, greru~grøru, gróinn> vb (VII) to grow; heal
grund f green field; ground; poet the earth, green earth; Atals grund land of Atal (kenning for ‘sea’)
grunnr <-s, -ar> m bottom (of the sea or other body of water)
græða (also grœða) <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to make grow; heal; increase
Grœnland n Greenland
Grœnlendingr <-s, -ar> m Greenlander
grœnn adj green
grœr 2/3sg pres of gróa
grǫf <gen grafar; pl grafir~grafar> f pit; grave
grǫftr var of grǫptr
grǫptr (also grǫftr) <dat grepti, gen graptar> m digging, burial
guð m God; n god, one of the pagan gods, usu used in pl (see also goð)
Guðbjǫrg <acc/dat -bjǫrgu, gen -bjargar> f Gudbjorg (personal name)
Guðbrandr <-s> m Gudbrand (personal name)
Guðmarr <-s> m Gudmar (personal name)
Guðormr <-s> m Gudorm (personal name)
Guðrún <-ar> f Gudrun (personal name)
Guðrøðr <-s> m Gudrod (personal name)
gufa f steam, vapor
gull n gold
gullband n golden collar
gullbaugr m gold ring
gullhring n gold ring
gullhyrndr adj golden-horned, with horns of gold
gullrekinn ppart inlaid with gold
Gulltoppr m Gulltopp (personal name) ‘Gold Tuft’ or ‘Gold Mane’, horse of the Æsir
Gunnarr <-s> m Gunnar (personal name)
Gunnfúss <-ar> m Gunnfus (personal name)
Gunnhildr <acc/dat Gunnhildi, gen Gunnhildar> f Gunnhild (personal name)
Gunnlaugr <-s> m Gunnlaug (personal name)
Guthormr <-s> m Guthorm (personal name)
Gyða f Gyda (personal name)
gyðja f priestess
gyldr adj gilded; hafði gyldan hjálm had a gilded/golden helmet
gyldr ppart of gylla
Gylfi m Gylfi, king in Sweden, name of a Viking (personal name)
gylla <-di~ti, -dr~tr > vb (2) togild
Gyllir m Golden or Yeller (mythological name) horse of the Æsir and a jǫtunn name
gyrða <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to gird, put on
Gyrgir m Gyrgir, Greek general Georgios Maniakes
gýgr f giantess
Gýríðr <acc/dat Gýríði, gen Gýríðar> f Gyrid (personal name)
gæfumunr m difference in fortune, turn or shift of luck
gæta <gætti, gætt> vb (4) [w gen] to watch, tend, take care of
gætir <-is, -ar> m keeper, guard
Gætir <-ir> m Gaetir (personal name)
gǫfugr <m acc gǫfgan, comp gǫfgari, superl gǫfgastr> adj noble
gǫgnum var of gegnum
gǫltr <dat gelti, gen galtar, pl geltir, acc gǫltu, gen galta> m boar, hog
gǫngu see ganga
Gǫngu-Hrólfr m Hrolf the Walker (personal name)
gøra (also gera, gørva)<gørði, gørðr~gǫrr> vb (2)
gørði 3sg past of gøra
gǫr f sg & n nom/acc pl of gǫrr
gǫrr (also gerr, gørr) <acc gǫrvan> adj and ppart of gøra; accomplished, skilled; done
gǫrt n nom/acc sg of gǫrr
— H —
haf n sea, the high sea; vestr um haf westwards over the sea
hafa <hef(i)r, hafði, haft> vb (2) to have; hold, keep; take; hafa [e-t] í hendi hold [sth] in one’s hand; hafa [e-t] með sér take, bring [sth] with one; hafask mid live, dwell; hafask at occupy oneself with [sth], do, undertake
hafði 3sg past of hafa
hafðisk 3sg past mid of hafa
hafr <gen hafrs, pl hafrar> m goat
HafrsfjǫrðrmHafrsfjord (place name); í Hafrsfirði in Hafrsfjord
hafskip n ocean-going ship
hagi m field, meadow
hagliga adv neatly, adeptly, skillfully
hagr adj skilled, handy
hagr m state, condition, affairs; fate; means
hagr m state of, condition; fate; affairs; advantage; means; ef galtar hag vissi if they should learn the fate of the boar.
Haki m Haki (personal name)
haklangr adj long-chinned
halda <heldr, helt~hélt, heldu~héldu, haldinn> vb (VII)[w dat] to hold; keep, retain; halda undan fly, flee; halda sveit hold command over a troop; halda upp hold up; halda við [e-m] stand or hold against [sth]; haldask mid hold out, last, remain in force [such as a judgement]
Halla <acc/dat/gen Hǫllu> f Halla (personal name)
Halland n Halland, Denmark (place name), now part of Sweden
Hallbjǫrn m Hallbjorn (personal name)
Hallfríðr f Hallfrid (personal name)
Hallgerðr <acc/dat Hallgerði, gen Hallgerðar> f Hallgerd (personal name)
Hallkatla <acc/dat/gen Hallkǫtlu> f Hallkatla (personal name)
hallr <f hǫll, n hallt> adj leaning, sloping; hallr í gǫngu stooped, walking with a stoop
Hallvarðr <-s> m Hallvard (personal name)
hallæri n famine
hamarr <dat hamri, gen hamars, pl hamrar, acc hamra, dat hǫmrum, gen hamra> m hammer
hamr <dat hami~ham, gen hams, pl hamir> m skin, shape
hana acc sg of hon
handa gen pl of hǫnd, see also til handa
handan prep on the other side of
hann <acc hann, dat honum, gen hans> pron he
hans poss pron his
hans gen of hann
hanzki m glove
Haraldr <-s> m Harald (personal name); Haraldr blátǫnn Harald Bluetooth, king of Denmark (958–987); Haraldr harðráði Harald the Ruthless, Norwegian King (1045–1066); Haraldr hárfagri Harald Fairhair (also Haraldr lúfa Harald Shaggyhair) Norwegian king who reigned from ca. 860–930; Klakk-Haraldr Klakk-Harald
harðhugaðr adj ruthless, resolute
harðr <f hǫrð, n hart> adj hard, difficult, severe
harðráðr adj hard in council; ruthless; tyrannical,
harðskeytr adj hard shooting, of an archer
Hasvimýrar m pl Hasvimyrar (place name)
Hati m Hati, wolf that pursues the moon
Hattar see Hǫttr
haugr <-s, -ar> m burial mound
haukr <-s, -ar> m hawk
hauss m skull
haust n autumn, harvest season
hausta <-að> vb (1) to draw near to autumn
Hábrók f Habrok (personal name)
hádegi n midday, noon
Háey f the Island of Hoy (place name)
Hákon <-ar> m Hakon (personal name); Hákon jarl Grjótgarðsson m Earl Hakon, son of Grjotgard, Stone-Fence; Hákon Hlaðajarl Hakon, Earl of Lade
Hálfdanarhaugar m pl Halfdan’s mounds
Hálfdanr <-ar> m Halfdan (personal name); Hálfdanr svarti Halfdan the Black, 9th century Norwegian king and father of Harald Shaggyhair/Fairhair
Hálfdanarhaugar m pl Halfdan’s mounds
hálfr adj half
hálfsagðr <f hálfsǫgð> adj half-told
háls <gen háls, pl hálsar> m neck
hánum var of honum
hár <f há, n hátt, dat pl há(vu~fu)m, comp hæri, superl hæstr> adj high, tall, long; loud
HármHigh, one of the three interrogators of King Gylfi
hár n hair
hárfagr adj fair-haired (nickname)
hásæti n high-seat, throne, seat of honor
hátt adv loudly; hafa hátt make an outcry
háttatal n list of meters or verse forms
háva f acc sg strong of hár
hávu n dat sg of hár
heðan (also héðan) adv from here, hence; heðan af from now on, henceforth
Heðinn (also Héðinn) <acc Heðin, dat Heðni, gen Heðins> m Hedin (personal name); Héðinn Hjarrandason m Hedin Hjarrandi’s son
hefir 2/3sg pres of hafa [also hefr]
hefði 3sg/pl past subjunct of hafa
hefja <hefr, hóf, hófu, hafinn> vb (VI)to lift up, raise, heave; hence to begin, esp hefja upp + acc [hefja upp kvæði to begin to recite a poem]; to hold, open an event [hefja blót hold sacrifices, begin the season of sacrifices]
hefna <-di, -dr> vb (2) [w gen] to avenge, take revenge
hegat var of hingat
Heiðarbær (also Heiða(r)býr)mHedeby (place name) trade center in Denmark
heiðinn <m acc heiðinn> adj heathen, pagan
Heiðmǫrk f Heidmork (place name)
heiðr <acc/dat heiði, gen heiðar, pl heiðar> f heath, moor
Heiðrún m Heidrun, goat that gives mead in Valhǫll
heilagr <f heilǫg, n heilagt; m acc helgan> adj holy; protected
heill adj hale, sound, healthy, unscathed; healed; blessed, happy; whole, complete
heilsa <-að-> vb (1) [w dat] to greet
heim adv home, homeward (motion toward)
heima adv home, at home (position)
heiman adv from home
Heimdallr <-s> m watchman god, who guards the rainbow-bridge; one of the Æsir
heimr <-s, -ar> m world; earth
Heimskringla f ‘Orb of the World’, work by Snorri Sturluson
heimta <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to recover; claim
heit n promise
heita <heitr, hét, hétu, heitinn> vb (VII) to call, give a name to; call, call on; (intrans w pres heitir) be called, be named; [w dat] promise
heiti n name; synonym
heitir 2/3 sg pres of heita (intrans)
heitr adj hot
Hekja f Hekja (personal name)
hel <dat helju, gen heljar> f Hel, realm of the dead, separate from Valhalla, and ruled over by a goddess of the same name; death; ljósta í hel to strike into hel
heldr comp adv rather; [after neg] on the contrary; heldr við aldr rather old, on in years
Helga f Helga (personal name)
Helgadalr <-s> m Helgadal (place name) Helgi’s Valley
Helgi m Helgi (personal name)
helgistaðr m holy place
hella <gen pl hellna> f flat stone, slate
hellusteinn m flat slab of rock, flagstone
helmingr m half; í helminga in halves; equally
helzk 1/3sg past of haldask
helzt superl adv most rather, most of all
henda <hendi, -dr> vb (2) to catch, pick up, reach; henda [e-t] augum catch [sth]; henda mikit gaman at [e-u] take great interest in [sth]
hendi dat of hǫnd
Hengjankjapta f Hengjankjapta, giantess killed by Thor
hennar gen sg of hon her, hers
henni dat sg of hon
heppinn adj lucky, fortunate; Leifr inn heppni Leif the Lucky
hepta <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to bind, fetter; hold back, restrain
herað (also hérað) <pl heruð~herǫð> n district, country
herðar f pl shoulders, upper part of back
herfang n booty; at herfangi as booty
herja <-að-> vb (1) to raid, harry; make war
Herjólfr <-s> m Herjolf (personal name)
Herjólfsfjǫrðr m Herjolfsfjord (place name), Herjólf’s Fjord
Herjólfsnes n Herjolfsnes (place name), Herjolf’s Headland
Herjólfssonar m gen ‘of the son of Herjolf’
herkonungr m warrior-king
Herlu-Bjarni Arnfinnsson m Herlu-Bjarni, son of Arnfinn (personal name)
hermaðrmwarrior
hernaðr <-ar> m plundering, raid
herr <-jar, -jar> m army, troops
hersir <-is, -ar> m regional military leader in Norway; chieftain; hersins m sing gen of the leader
herskapr m harrying, warfare
hertogi m commander; duke
hervápn n pl weapons
hestr <-s, -ar> m horse; stallion
heygja <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to bury in a mound
heyra <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to hear
héðan var of heðan
Héðinn var of Heðinn
hér adv here (position)
hérað var of herað
hét 1/3sg past of heita
Hildrf Hild (personal name) battle
Himinbjǫrg n pl Himinbjorg, place where Bifrǫst enters Ásgarðr
himinn <dat himni, gen himins, pl himnar> m sky; heaven
himintungl n heavenly body
hingat (also hegat) adv to here, hither; hingat til hitherto, up to this time, until now
hinn <f hin, n hitt> dem pron the other one; á hinn fótinn on the other foot
hinn, hin, hit art = inn, in, it
hinnafmembrane
hirðf king’s or earl’s bodyguard; the king’s men, retainers
hirða <-rði, -rðr> vb (2) to mind, care for, hide, conceal; keep in a box or chest
hirðir <-is, -ar> m herdsman
hirðmaðr (pl hirðmenn) m king’s man, retainer
hirtirnpl of hjǫrtr
hitt n nom/acc sg of dem pron hinn
hitta <-tti, -ttr> vb (2) to meet with, hit upon; hit; hittask mid meet one another
Hjaðningavíg n Fight of the Hjadnings
Hjaðningr <pl Hjaðningar> m a Hjadning
hjalt n hilt; sword guard; pommel
Hjalti m Hjalti (personal name)
HjarðarholtnHjardarholt, Herd’s Hill (place name)
hjarta <pl hjǫrtu> n heart
hjartablóð n heart’s blood
hjá prep [w dat] by, near, beside; with, at one’s place; in comparison with
hjálmr <-s, -ar> m helm, helmet
hjálp f help
hjálpa <helpr, halp~hjalp, hulpu, hólpinn> vb (III) [w dat] to help, save
Hjálprekrmlegendary king
hjó 1/3sg past of hǫggva
Hjǫrdís <-ar>f Hjordis (personal name)
hjǫrtr <dat hirti, gen hjartar; pl hirtir, acc hjǫrtu> m hart, stag
hlaupa <hleypr, hljóp, hljópu~hlupu, hlaupinn> vb (VII) to leap, spring; run; hlaupa at [e-m] leap at, assault [sb]
hlaut 1/3sg past of hljóta
Hleiðargarðr m Hleiðargard, the court of Hrolf kraki
Hleiðra (Hleiðr) m modern Lejre in Denmark; royal seat of king Hrolf Kraki
Hliðskjálf f Hlidskjalf, the seat on which Odin sits in his hall Valaskjálf
hlíð <pl -ir> f mountain-side, slope
Hlíðarendi m Hlidarendi, Slope’s End (place name)
hlíf <pl hlífar> f shield, cover, protection
hlífa <-ði, -t> vb (2) [w dat] to protect, shelter; show mercy
hlífðit = hlífði + t (negative suffix)
Hlífsteinn <-s> m Hlifstein (personal name)
hljóta <hlýtr, hlaut, hlutu, hlotinn> vb (II) to be allocated, receive
hljóp 1/3sg past of hlaupa
hljópu (also hlupu) 3pl past of hlaupa
hló 1/3sg past of hlæja
Hlórriðimpoet Thor
hluti m part
hlutr <-ar, -ir> m lot; thing; share, allotment; part
hlæja <hlær, hló, hlógu, hleginn> vb (VII) to laugh
hníga <hnígr, hné~hneig, hnigu, hniginn> vb (I)to sink, fall gently
hnúka <-ði~ti, -ðr~tr> vb (2) to sit cowering
hnykkja <-ti, -tr> vb (2) [w dat] to pull violently, yank
hof n temple (frequently a name for a farm)
Hof n Hof (place name)
Hofsland n Hof estate
Hofsverjar m pl people of Hof
holr <m acc holan> adj hollow
holt n wood, forest; rough stony hill or ridge
hon <acc hana, dat henni, gen hennar> pron she
honum (also hánum) dat sg of hann
horfa <-ði, horft> vb (2) to turn, look (in a particular direction); horfa á [e-t] look at [sth]
horfinn ppart of hverfa
horn n horn, drinking horn; corner
horskr adj wise
hóf n moderation; judgement
hóf 1/3sg past of hefja
hófsmaðr m man of moderation
hófu 3pl past of hefja
hógværr adj gentle
hóll (var of hváll) <-s, -ar> m hill, hillock, knoll
Hóll <-s> m Hol, hill (place name)
Hólmfastr <-s> m Holmfast (personal name)
Hólmgarðr <-s> m Holmgard (place name, modern Novgorod)
Hólmgarðsfari m voyager to Hólmgarðr
Hólmgautr <-s> m Holmgaut (personal name)
Hólmgeirr <-s> m Holmgeir (personal name)
hraðfara adj indecl swift
hrafn <-s, -ar> m raven
hráki <-a, -ar> m spittle
hregg n storm, storm and rain
hreða (also hrœða)f menace; disturbance
Hreiðarr <-s> m Hreidar (personal name)
Hreiðmarr <-s> m Hreidmar (personal name); the father of Otr, Fafnir and Regin
hreinn adj fresh; pure; clean; bright
hreinn <-s, -ar> m reindeer
hreystimaðrmvaliant man, champion
Hringaríki n Hringariki (place name) Ringerike
hrista <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to shake
hríð <pl -ir> f time, while; storm or tempest; attack, battle; litla hríð for a little while
hrím n hoar frost, rime
hrímsteinn m rimy stone
hrímþurs m frost-giant
hrímþursum dat pl of hrímþurs
hrís n shrubbery, brushwood
Hrotti m name of a sword
Hróðgeirr <-s> m Hrodgeir (personal name)
Hrólfr <-s> m Hrolf (personal name); Hrólfr kraki Hrolf Kraki, legendary Danish king
hrósa <-að-> vb (1)[w dat] to praise; boast (of)
hrukku 3pl past of hrøkkva
Hrungnir <-s> m Hrungnir, giant killed by Thor with his hammer
hrútr m ram
Hrútr <-s> m Hrut (personal name) Ram
Hrútsstaðir m Hrutsstadir (place name) Hrut’s Farmstead
hrynja <hrundi, hruninn> vb (III) to fall, collapse; flow, stream; fall loosely (of clothing); látum und honum hrynja lukla let keys jingle about him; hrynja á hæla [e-m] shut the door on [sb]
hræ <pl gen hræva> n dead body, corpse, carrion
hræddr adj afraid, frightened
hræða <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2)[w acc] to frighten; hræðask mid be frightened; hræðask [e-t] be afraid of [sth]
Hrœrekr <-s> m Hroerek (personal name)
hrøkkva <hrøkkr~hrekkr, hrǫkk, hrukku, hrokkinn> vb (VII) to fall back, recoil
hugkvæmr adj clever, crafty
hugr <dat hug~hugi, gen hugar, pl hugir> m mind; mood, heart, temper
hugsjúkr adj distressed, anxious, worried
hulðu 3pl past of hylja
hunang n honey
hunangsfallf honey-dew
hundr <-s, -ar> m hound, dog
hundrað <pl hundruð> n hundred (usu followed by noun in gen) (tólfrætt hundrað = 120, tírætt hundrað = 100)
hungr <-rs> m (n in younger texts) hunger; svelta hungri starve, die of hunger
hún late var of hon
hús n house
húsabœrmfarmstead
húsbóndi m husband; master of the house (from hús + bóndi)
húsfreyja (also hýsfreyja) f housewife, lit house-lady
húskarlm servant,farmhand, houseman [house-carle]; king’s man, retainer, follower
hvaðan adv from where, whence
hvalkváma f stranding of a whale
hvalnum dat sg w art hvalr + inum, the whale
hvalr <gen hvals, pl hvalar~hvalir> m whale
hvalrif n whale-rib
hvar interrog adv where; hvar sem wherever
hvargi adv everywhere; hvargi sem wherever, wheresoever
hvass <f hvǫss, n hvasst> adj sharp, keen
hvat interrog pron what
hváll (also hóll) <-s, -ar> m hill, hillock, knoll
hvárgi <n hvárki~hvártki> adj pron neither (of two); conj hvárki…né neither…nor
hvárki n of hvárgi
hvárr interrog pron who, which (of two); indef pron each (of two)
hvárrtveggi indef pron each of the two
hvárt interrog adv whether; hvárt sem~hvárt er conj whether
hvártki see hvárgi
hvárumtveggjum dat pl of hvárrtveggi
hveim dat of a defective pron to whom, for whom
hver f nom sg / neut nom/acc pl of hverr
hverfa <hverfr, hvarf, hurfu, horfinn> vb (III)to be lost, be missing; disappear
Hvergelmir m Hvergelmir Seething Well, home of Niðhǫggr and source of the rivers in Niflheimr
hvergi (also hverrgi) pron each, every one
hvergi (also hverrgi) adv nowhere; [w gen] nowhere on; hverrgi var nowhere was
hverir m nom pl of hverr
hverju n dat sg of hverr
hverjum m dat sg & pl dat of hverr
hvern m acc sg of hverr
hvernig (also hvernug)adv how
hverr <f hver, n hvert> interrog pron who?, which?; indef pron each, every, all; geyja at hverjum manni, bark at each man
hverrgi see hvergi;
hversu interrog adv how, just how
hvert adv to where, whither; hvert er whithersoever
hvetja <hvet, hvatta, hvǫttu, hvattr> vb (3) to whet, sharpen; encourage
hvé adv how
Hvinir m Hvinir (place name)
hví interrog adv why
hvítr <f hvít, n hvítt, comp hvítari, superl hvítastr> adj white
hyggja <hugði, hugðr~hugaðr> vb (3) to think, believe; hyggja at [e-u] look at, consider [sth]
hygði 3sg/pl past subjunct of hyggja
hykk = hygg ek
hylja <hulði~huldi, huliðr~huldr> vb (3) to bury, cover over, conceal, hide
hylli f loyalty, allegiance, favor
Hyrrokkin f Hyrrokkin, a giantess killed by Thor
hýsfreyja (var of húsfreyja) f housewife
Hærukollr m Grey-Streak (nickname)
hæstr superl adj of hár highest
hætta <-tti, -tt> vb [w dat] (2) to risk, stake
hœgr adj easy, convenient
hœgri comp adj of hœgr right; on the right; the right hand
hœla <-di, hœlt> vb (4) [w dat] to praise, flatter, boast of
Hœnir m Hoenir, god
hœta <-tti, -ttr> vb (2) to threaten
hǫfðingi <gen -ja, pl -jar> m leader; chieftain; captain
hǫfn <gen hafnar, pl hafnir> f holding, possession; harbor
hǫfuð <dat hǫfði, pl dat hǫfðum, gen hǫfða> n head
hǫfuðsbani m death
hǫfuðstaðr m chief place; capital
hǫgg <dat hǫggvi> n blow, stroke, chop; beheading, execution
hǫgg 2sg imper of hǫggva
hǫggspjót n broad-bladed spear
hǫggva <høggr, hjó, hjoggu~hjuggu, hǫgg(v)inn> vb (VII) to strike (a blow), chop, hack, hew
hǫggvi 3sg/pl subjunct of hǫggva; dat sg of hǫgg
Hǫgni m Hogni (personal name)
hǫll <dat hǫllu, gen hallar, pl hallir> f hall
Hǫllu see Halla
hǫnd <acc hǫnd, dat hendi, gen handar, pl hendr, dat hǫndum, gen handa> f hand; af hendi [e-s] on behalf of [sb]
hǫrð f nom & n nom/acc pl of harðr
Hǫrða-Knútr <-s> m Horda-Knut (personal name)
Hǫrðaland n Hordaland (place name)
hǫrr <dat hǫrvi~hǫrr> m flax, linen
Hǫskuldr <-s> m Hoskuld (personal name)
Hǫskuldsstaðir m pl Hoskuldsstadir Hoskuld’s Farmstead (place name)
Hǫttr <dat Hetti, gen Hattar> m Hott (personal name) Hood (the Masked One)
— I —
iðjumaðr m hard-working man
igða f nuthatch
illa <comp verr, superl verst> adv badly, ill
illr <comp verri, superl verstr> adj bad, evil
illska f badness
illtf evil (treatment)
Ingibjǫrg <gen Ingibjargar> f Ingibjorg (personal name); Ingibjǫrg Hróðgeirsdóttir ins hvíta Ingibjorg, daughter of Hrodgeir the White
Ingjaldr <-s> m Ingjald (personal name); Ingjaldr tryggvi Ingjald the True
Ingólfr <-s> m Ingolf (personal name)
inn <comp innarr, superl innst> adv in, into (motion toward)
inn, in, it art the
inna <-ti, -tr> relate, tell; inna til [e-s] make mention of [sb]
innan prep [w gen] within; inside, indoors; innan adv from within, outward
innanlands adv within the land, at home (as opposed to abroad)
inni adv within, inside; in-doors
it n of inn
—Í—
í prep [w acc] into (motion); during (time); [w dat] in, within, at (position)
í braut (also í brott) adv away
í gǫgnum var of gegnum
í móti var of móti
í nánd adv nearby
í samt adv in a row
í sundr adv asunder
í því adv at that time
íkornimsquirrel
Írakonungr m King of the Irish
Írland n Ireland
írskr adj Irish
Ísland n Iceland
Íslendingabók f Book of the Icelanders
íslenzkr adj Icelandic
íss <gen íss, pl ísar> m ice
Ívarr <-s> m Ivar (personal name)
— J —
jafn <f jǫfn, n jafnt> adj even, equal
jafna <-að-> vb (1) to smooth, even out, tidy, trim; make equal (in comparisons), equate; jafna [e-u] til [e-s] liken [sth] to [sth]
jafnan adv always; constantly, equally
jafnberr adj equally exposed, naked, or unprotected
jafndjúpvitr adj as deep-witted, as deep-scheming, as resourceful
jafngamall adj as old, of the same age
Jafnhár m Just-as-High, one of three interrogators of King Gylfi
jafnmikill adj equally great
jafnungr adj as young
jarðar gen sg of jǫrð
jarl <-s, -ar> m earl
jarlsríkin earldom
jartegn n token, evidence, proof (of a thing)
járn n iron
Jófríðr <acc/dat Jófríði, gen Jófríðar> f Jofrid (personal name)
jól n pl Yule, Yuletide, great midwinter feast in heathen times, later applied to Christmas
Jórvík f York (place name)
Jótland n Jutland (place name); Jótlandshaf ‘Jutland Sea’, Kattegat
jǫkull <dat jǫkli, gen jǫkuls, pl jǫklar> m glacier; ice; icicle
jǫrð <dat jǫrðu, gen jarðar; pl jarðir> f earth; land, ground
Jǫrð f Earth, as goddess and mother of Thor
JǫrmungandrmJormungand, name of the Midgard Serpent, the world serpent
jǫtunheimar m pl land of giants
jǫtunn <dat jǫtni, gen jǫtuns, pl jǫtnar> m giant
— K —
kaðall <dat kaðli, gen kaðals, pl kaðlar> m cable, twisted rope
kaðla acc pl of kaðall
kafna ˂-að-˃ vb to be suffocated, choked
kala <kell, kól, kólu, kalinn> vb (VI) impers [w acc] to freeze
Kaldbak nCold-Back Mountain
Kaldbeklingar m pl men of Kaldbak
kaldr <f kǫld, n kalt> adj cold
kalla <-að-> vb (1) to call, name; say
kallaðir ppart of kalla (m nom pl)
kallaðr ppart of kalla (m nom sg)
kambr <-s, -ar> m comb
kann 1/3sg pres of kunna
kanna <-að-> vb (1) to search, explore, find out about; to know, recollect; kannask við [e-t] recognize [sth]
kappi m champion
karfimfast coastal rowing ship
karl <-s, -ar> m man; old man; Þorsteinn karl old Thorstein, old man Thorstein
Karlstefni m Karlstefni (personal name)
kasta <-að-> vb (1) to throw, cast
kaupa <keypti, keyptr> (4) vb tobuy
kaupmaðr (pl kaupmenn) m merchant
kaupstefna f market
Kári Sǫlmundarson m Kari Solmundarson (personal name)
kátalaktús see Michael kátalaktús
kátr adj cheerful
KeilafKeila, a giantess killed by Thor
kemr 3sg pres of koma
kenna <-di, -dr> vb (2) to know, recognize; feel; attribute; teach
kennimaðr <-manns, -menn> m priest, cleric; lit teacher
kenningfpoetic periphrasis or metaphor
kenningarnafnnnickname
kent ppart of kenna
ker n vat, tub, vessel
kerling f old woman
ketill <acc ketil, dat katli, gen ketils, pl katlar, acc katla, dat kǫtlum, gen katla> m kettle, cauldron, pot
Ketill <-s> m Ketil (personal name)
kettlingr m kitten
keypti 3sg past of kaupa
kið <gen pl –a or -ja> kid, goat
kiðlingr <-s, -ar> m young kid
kirkjafchurch
Kjallandi f Kjallandi, a giant killed by Thor
Kjartan <-s> m Kjartan (personal name)
Kjarvalr <-s> m Kjarval (personal name)
kjóllmship (poet)
kjósa <kýss, kaus~køri, kusu~kuru~køru, kørinn~kosinn> vb (VII) to choose
Kjǫtvi m Kjotvi (personal name); Kjǫtvi inn auðgi Kjotvi the wealthy
klaka <-að-> vb (1) to titter, chatter (as birds)
Klakk-Haraldr <-s> m Klakk-Harald (personal name)
klettr <-s, -ar> m rock, crag
KlifshagimKlifshagi (place name), Cliff Meadow
klífa <klífr, kleif, klifu, klifinn> vb (I)to climb
kljúfa <klýfr, klauf, klufu, klofinn> vb (II) to cleave, split
klyf <pl -jar> f pack (for a horse)
klæða <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to clothe
klæðincloth; pl clothes
klǫkuðu 3pl past of klaka
knarrarbringaf Boat-breast (nickname)
kná <kná, 1pl pres knegum, knátti, past inf knáttu> defective pret-pres vb tobe able to, can; could
knáliga adv hardily, vigorously
knáligr adj hardy, vigorous
knerrir nom pl of knǫrr
kneyfa <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to drink in large gulps
kné <dat pl knjám, gen knjá> n knee
knútaf knuckle-bone
knútr <-s, -ar> m knot
Knútr <-s> m Knut (personal name); Knútr inn ríki, King Canute the Great
knýja <knýr, knýði~knúði, knúinn> vb (3) to knock (at the door); press, urge on, compel, force; knýjask mid struggle on
knǫrr <dat knerri, gen knarrar, pl knerrir, acc knǫrru> m ship; merchant vessel
Kolbeinn <-s> m Kolbein (personal name)
kollr <-s, -ar> m top, summit; head
kom 1/3sg past of koma
koma <kemr~kømr, kom, kómu~kvámu, kominn> vb (IV) to come; koma at come to, arrive; koma at [e-u] come across, arrive at [sth]; koma ásamt með þeim they agreed; koma endr at regain; komask mid make one’s way
kominn ppart of koma
komnir m nom pl of kominn
kona <gen pl kvenna> f woman, wife
konu acc/dat/gen of kona
konungastefna f meeting of kings
konungdómr m kingdom
konungr <-s, -ar> m king
konungsson m prince
korn n grain, seed
kostnaðr <-ar> m cost, expense
kostr <gen kostar, pl kostir, acc kosti~kostu> m choice; opportunity; match; state, condition; cost, expense; at ǫðrum kosti else, otherwise
kómu 3pl past of koma
kraki m pole ladder; stake
kraptr m strength
kráka fcrow
krás <pl -ir> f delicacy, dainty (of food)
krefja <krafði, krafðr~krefinn> vb (3) to crave, claim, demand; krefja [e-t] [e-s] demand [sth] of [sb]
kringla f circle, disk, orb
kristinn adj Christian
kristni f Christianity; Christendom
Kristr <-s> m Christ
krjúpa <krýpr, kraup, krupu, kropinn> vb (II) to creep; crouch
kroppa <-að-> vb (1) to pluck, pick
Krossavík f Krossavik, Cross Bay or Inlet, presumably an inlet where a cross was erected, a farmstead
kumbl <pl kumbl> n burial monument, mound or cairn (frequently used on Danish and Swedish rune stones in the plural)
kunna <kann, kunni, kunnat> pret-pres vb to know, understand; to be able orcan do sth, know how to; feel (an emotion)
kunnigr adj known; wise; versed in magic
kunningi <pl -jar> m acquaintance
kurteiss adj courteous, well-bred
kuru 3pl past of kjósa
kussari m corsair (corsairs were pirates who operated along the Barbary Coast of North Africa)
kúla f hump, hunchback
kvað 1/3sg past of kveða
kváðu 3pl past of kveða
kván (also kvæn) <pl -ir> f wife
kvánga <-að-> vb cause (a man) to marry; kvángask mid marry (of a man), take a wife
kvángaðr ppart of kvánga(m nom sg), married (of a man)
kveða <kveðr, kvað, kváðu, kveðinn> vb (V) to speak, say; recite verse; kveða á fix, determine; kveða við reply; kveðask mid say of oneself; declare
kveld n evening; at kveldi at nightfall
kvelda <-að-> vb (1) [impers] to become evening
Kveld-Úlfr <-s> m Kveld-Ulf, Night Wolf (personal name); Kveld-Úlfsson Son of Kveld-Ulf
kvenna see kona
kvennváðir f pl women’s clothing
kverk <pl kverkr> f angle below the chin
kvikr adj alive
kvikvendi n living creature
kvæði <gen pl kvæða> n poem
kvæn var of kván
kyn <dat pl kynjum, gen kynja> n kin; kindred, family descent group
kyrr adj still, quiet
kyssa <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to kiss
kýr <acc/dat kú, gen kýr, pl kýr, dat kúm, gen kúa> f cow
kærleikr m affection, friendship
kœmi 3sg/pl pret subj of koma
kǫlluðu 3pl past of kalla call
kømr (var of kemr) 2/3sg pres of koma
kǫnnuðu 3pl past of kanna
kǫrtr <gen kǫrts~kartar> m short, stocky man (nickname)
kǫttr <dat ketti, gen kattar, pl kettir, acc kǫttu, gen katta> m cat
— L —
lag <pl lǫg> n thrust, stab
lagit ppart of leggja placed
lagt ppart of leggja placed
lamði 3sg past of lemja
land <pl lǫnd> n land; country; estate
landnám n settlement, lit land-taking
Landnámabók f Book of Settlements
landnámsmaðr m settler, lit land-take-man (the term refers to both women and men)
landráð n the government of the land
landskyld f land tax, property tax
landsmaðr m countryman, inhabitant or native of a country
landsréttr m the law of the land, customary rights
langeldar m pl long fires (down the middle of a hall)
langfeðgar m pl forefathers, ancestors (through the father’s line)
langháls m long-necked (nickname)
langlífi n long life
langr <f lǫng, n langt, comp lengri, superl lengstr> adj long (of distance and time)
langt adv for a long time
Laufey f goddess, known only as mother of Loki
laug <dat laugu, pl laugar> f bath; hot spring
lauk 1/3sg past of lúka
lausafénmovable property, chattels, possessions, as opposed to lands or even to land and cattle
lauss adj loose; free, unimpeded
laust 1/3sg past of ljósta
lausung <dat lausungu, pl lausungar> f lying, falsehood
laut 1/3sg past of lúta
lax <gen lax, pl laxar> m salmon
Laxárdalr m Laxardal, Salmon River Valley
lá 1/3sg pret of liggja
lágu 3pl past of liggja
láta <lætr, lét, létu, látinn> vb (VII) to let, allow, permit; put, place, set; behave; láta fram let go, yield, hand over; láta sem pretend, make or behave as if, lit let on as if; [w infin] have something done; ppart dead, deceased
látinn ppart of láta dead, deceased
leggja <lagði, lagiðr~lagðr~laginn> vb (3) to lay, place, put; appoint, fix; stab, thrust; leggja á impose; leggja frá withdraw; leggja í spánu smash into pieces; leggja til attack (by stabbing); leggja til barðaga attack; leggja til [e-s] með [e-u] attack [sb] with [sth]; leggja undir sik conquer; lífit á leggja lay down one’s life; leggjask mid lay, set oneself; leggjask á [e-t] prey upon (of robbers, beasts of prey, etc), fall upon, attack [sth]; leggjask niðr lay oneself down; leggjask út set out (into the wilderness to live as an outlaw)
leggr <-jar, -ir> m leg; leggr ok liðr every limb
leið <pl -ir> f road, path; way
leið 1/3sg past of líða
leiða <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to lead
Leiði m Leid, a giant killed by Thor
leifa <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to leave, leave as heritage; to leave behind, abandon, relinquish
Leifr <-s> m Leif (personal name)
leika <leikr, lék, léku, leikit> vb (VII) to play; leika sér play
leikr <-s, -ar> m game, play, sport
leita <-að-> vb (1) [w gen] to seek, search for; proceed on a journey
leka <lekr, lak, lákum, lekit> vb (IV) to drip, dribble, leak
lemja <lamði, lamiðr~lamdr~laminn> vb (3) to maim
lendr adj describes one who has received a grant of land from a king, landed; lendr maðr landholder
lengi <comp lengr (time), lengra (distance), superl lengst> adv long, for a long time
lengr comp adv of lengilonger (time), for a longer time
lengra comp adv of lengi longer (distance), farther
lengst superl adv longest, for the longest time
lesa <less, las, lásu, lesinn> vb (V) to gather; read
leyfa <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) [w dat] to permit, allow
leyfi n permission, leave
leyna <-di, -dr> vb (2) to hide, conceal; leynask mid hide oneself, be concealed; leynask í burt steal away, leave
lék 1/3sg past of leika
lét 1/3sg past of láta
Léttfeti m Light-Foot (mythological name) horse of the Æsir and jǫtunn name
létu 3pl past of láta
lézt 2sg past of láta
lið n band of men, following, troops
liðr <gen liðar, pl liðir, acc liðu> m joint
lifa <-ði, lifat> vb (4) to live; to be left; to burn, to be lively (of fire); to kindle; lifa við [e-t] to live on [sth], feed on [sth]
liggja <liggr, lá, lágu, leginn> vb (V) to lie; be situated
limarfpl limbs, branches
litlaf acc sg of lítill
litlu n dat sg of lítill
litr <-ar, -ir> m color
Livsteinn <-s> m Livstein (personal name)
líða <líðr, leið, liðu, liðinn> vb (I) to pass (usu of time); líða at draw toward (of time); sem leið at jólum as time passed toward Yule
líf (also lífi) n life; lífit á leggja lay down one’s life
lífi var of líf
líflát n loss of life, death
líknbody; corpse
líka <-að-> vb (1) impers [w dat subj] to like, be pleasing (to one)
líkami m body
líki n body; form, shape
líkligr adj likely, probable
líknsamastr superl adj of líknsamr most merciful
líknsamr adj merciful
líkr adj like, resembling; probable; promising
lín n flax; linen, linen garment
lína f bowline, rope; line; bridal veil, (see also lín)
Línakradalr <-s> m Linakradale (place name), Valley of Linen Fields
líta <lítr, leit, litu, litinn> vb (I) to look; líta á [e-t] look at [sth]; mid lítask [e-m] appear (seem) to [sb]
lítill <f lítil, n lítit> adj little; litla hríð for a little while; litlu síðar(r) a little later
lítt adv little
lízk 2/3sg pres mid of líta
ljá <lér, léði, léðr> vb (3) [w gen] to lend; ljá [e-m] [e-s] lend [sb] [sth]
ljóðaháttr <dat -hætti, gen -hattar> m ‘Chant-meter’, type of verse
Ljósálfar m pl the Light Elves
ljóss adj light, bright
ljósta <lýstr, laust, lustu, lostinn> vb (II) to strike; ljósta í hel to strike into hel [the realm of the dead]
ljúga <lýgr, laug~ló, lugu, loginn> vb (II) to lie, tell a lie; fail
loðbrók also loðbrókkr f shaggy/hairy-breech(es) (nickname); Ragnar Loðbrókkr/Loðbrók Ragnar Hairy Breeches [nickname from wearing pants made of hide] legendary hero of Ragnars saga loðbrókkar/loðbrókar
lofa <-að-> vb (1) to praise
logi m flame, fire
lok n lock, bolt; pl end; liða und(ir) lok die; til loks completely
lokhvíla f locking bed-closet
Loki m Loki, the trickster god
lokrekkja f locking bed-closet
lokrekkjugólf n locking bed-closet
lopt n sky, heavens, air
lostinn ppart of ljósta
lófi m palm of the hand; holr lófi open palm
lund <pl -ir> f manner; mind, temper; á þessa lund in this manner
lundr <-ar, -ir> m grove
lunga n lung
lúfafrough, thick, matted hair; original nickname for Haraldr hárfagri [Fairhair]; see Haraldr
lúka <lýkr, lauk, luku, lokinn> vb (II) [w dat] to close; end, conclude; shut
lúta <lýtr, laut, lutu, lotinn> vb (II) to bend down, bow; lean
Lútr m Lut, a giant killed by Thor
lygi f lie, falsehood
lykill <dat lykli, pl luklar, acc lukla> m key
lysta <-ti, -tr> vb impers (2) [w acc subj] to desire, intend, wish to
lýsa <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to light up, illuminate; proclaim, announce; impers shine, beam; lýsa [e-u] proclaim [sth]; lýsir af honum light shines from him
Lýtingr <-s> m Lyting (personal name)
læknir <-is, -ar> m physician
lætr 2/3sg pres of láta
lǫg n pl law, laws
lǫgbergnlaw-rock (where the law was recited)
lǫgðu 3pl past of leggja
lǫgligr adj legal, lawful
lǫgmaðr (pl lǫgmenn) m lawman
lǫgrétta f legislature at the Althing
lǫgsǫgumaðrmlaw-speaker
lǫngu adv long, far off; long since
lǫngum adv long time, constantly
— M —
maðr <acc mann, dat manni, gen manns, nom/acc pl menn, dat mǫnnum, gen manna> m man; person, human being
Magnús m Magnus (personal name)
makligr adj fitting, proper, becoming; deserving
mala <melr, mól, mólu, malinn> vb (VI)to grind
mangi var of manngi
manna gen pl of maðr
mannblót n human sacrifice
mannbroddr m a crampon with iron attached to shoe for traction on ice; spike
manndráp n murder
mannfólk n mankind
manngi (also mangi) <gen mannskis> pron no man, nobody
mannshǫnd f man’s hand
mannvitnintelligence
mannvænn adj promising
margbreytinn adj fickle, capricious, unpredictable
margkunnigr adj learned (in magic)
margmenninmultitude, many
margr <f mǫrg, n margt~mart, comp fleiri, superl flestr> adj [w sg] many a; [w pl] many
marka <-að-> vb (1) to mark, draw; fix; mark as one’s property; mark with an emblem; heed, mind; signify, mean; infer, observe; þar eptir mátt þú marka fegrð hans accordingly, you can judge his beauty
marr <-s, -ar> m horse, steed
mart var of margt, n nom/acc sg of margr
matr <-ar, -ir> m food
má 1/3sg pres of mega
mágr <-s, -ar> m brother-, father-, or son-in-law; kinsman
mál n speech, narrative, talk; language; saying; deliberation, discussion; case, matter, affair; [leg] suit, action, case
málafylgjumaðr m lawyer
máli m contract, terms, agreement; ganga á mála to take service as a soldier with a leader
málfeti var of málmfeti
máligr var of málugr
málmfeti (also málfeti) m name for a horse; málmfeti varrar horse pulled by an oar (kenning for ‘ship’)
málmr m metal, ore
málstefna f meeting, conference
málugr (also máligr) <m pl málgir> adj talkative
mánaðr var of mánuðr
mánimmoon
mánuðr (also mánaðr) <gen mánuðar, pl mánuðr> m month
már <dat mávi~máfi, gen más, pl mávar> m gull, sea-gull
mástallrmstall of the sea-gull (kenning for ‘sea’)
mátt 2sg past of mega
mátti 3sg past of mega
máttigr (also máttugr) <acc máttkan> adj powerful, mighty
máttu 3pl past of mega
máttugr var of máttigr
með prep [w acc] with (in the sense of bringing, carrying, or forcing); [w dat] with (in the sense of accompanying or togetherness); sigla með landi sail along the coast; adv as well, with it
meðal (alsoá meðal, í meðal)prep [w gen] among, between
meðan conj while, meanwhile, as long
mega <má, mátti, mátt> pret-pres vb can, may; be able
megin n strength
meiða <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to injure, hurt, damage; meiðask mid become injured, hurt, damaged
meiðmar f pl treasures
mein n injury, harm; disease; impediment
meiri comp adj of mikill bigger, greater, more
meir(r) comp adv of mikit; more greatly
mella f noose; poet giantess
men <dat pl menjum, gen menja> n necklace; pl treasures
menn nom/acc pl of maðr
merki <dat pl merkjum, gen merkja> n boundary; banner, standard; token, mark, sign
mest superl adv of mikit most
mestr superl adj of mikill biggest, tallest, greatest
meta <metr, mat, mátu, metinn> vb (V) to evaluate, value; set a price
mey acc sg of mær
meydómr m maidenhood, virginity
meyjar gen sg & nom/acc pl of mær
meyju dat sg of mær
mér dat sg of ek
Michael kátalaktús m Michael katalaktus (personal name)
miðdegi see hádegi
Miðfjarðar-Skeggi m Skeggi of Midfjord (personal name)
Miðfjǫrðr m Midfjord (place name)
MiðgarðrmMidgard, the Middle Enclosure, Middle Earth
MiðgarðsormrmMidgard Serpent, the serpent Jǫrmungandr that encircles the earth
miðla <-að-> vb (1) to share, hand out; miðla [e-t] við [e-n] share [sth] with [sb]
miðnótt f midnight
miðr <m acc miðjan, n nom mitt> adj middle
miðr var of minnr (comp adv)
miðr-aptan m middle evening, six in the evening
miðrdegi see hádegi
mik acc of ek
mikill <f mikil, n mikit, comp meiri, superl mestr> adj big, tall, great; much, very; mikill fyrir sér powerful, strong
mikillátr adj proud
mikinn adv hard, fast (m acc sg of adj mikill)
mikit adv greatly
Miklagarðr m Miklagard (place name) ‘the Great City,’ Constantinople, capital of the Greek Byzantine Empire; spelled in some editions Mikligarðr
miklu adv much [w comp]
milli(also millum, á milli and í milli) prep [w gen] between
minn <mín, mitt> poss pron my
minna <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to remind; minna [e-n] [e-s] remind [sb] of [sth]; impers minnir mik I remember; mid [w gen] minnask remember, call to mind
minni comp adj of lítill littler, less, smaller
minnr (also miðr) comp adv of lítit less
minnst superl adv of lítit least
minnstr superl adj of lítill least, smallest
mín gen of ek
mín f nom sg & n nom/acc pl of minn
Mímir m Mimir, one of the Æsir
Mímisbrunnr m Mimisbrunn, the Well of Mimir
mjólk <gen mjólkr> f milk
mjólká f river or stream of milk
mjólkár f nom, acc pl of mjólká
mjǫðr <dat miði, gen mjaðar> m mead
mjǫk adv much, very
mjǫl <gen pl mjǫlva> n meal, flour
mjǫlleyfi n license to export meal
Mjǫllnirmhammer of Thor
mold (dat moldu) f mold, earth, dirt
morginn (also morgunn) <gen morgins, pl mornar~morgnar> m morning; á morginn tomorrow
mosimmoss; moorland
móðir <acc/dat/gen móður, pl mœðr, dat mœðrum, gen mœðra> f mother
móður acc/dat/gen sg of móðir
móðurbróðir m mother’s brother, uncle
móðurætt fkinsfolk on the mother’s side of the family
mór <dat mó, gen mós, pl móar> m moor, heath
móti (also á móti and í móti) prep [w dat] towards; against; contrary to; in return
móttaka <pl móttǫkur> f resistance, defense, counter-attack; til móttǫku to a defense, to counter-attack
muna <man, mundi, munaðr> pret-pres vb toremember, call to mind
munat = muna + t (negative suffix)
mundi 3sg past of munu
mundr <-ar> m bride price
munnrmmouth
munr <-ar, -ir> m difference
munu <mun~man, mundi, past inf mundu> pret-pres vb will, shall; to be sure to, must (probability); would, must (in past tense)
múgr <-s, -ar> m crowd
mús <pl mýss> f mouse
Múspellsheimr m Muspellsheim, the Land of Fire
mylla <pl -ur> f mill
mynda 1sg past subjunct of munu or muna
myrkr adj dark
Mýrkjartan <-s> m Myrkjartan (personal name)
mýrr <acc/dat mýri, gen mýrar, pl mýrar> f moor, bog, swamp
mæla <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to say, speak; leg mæla eptir [e-t]/[e-n] take up the prosecution for [sth]/[sb] (who was murdered or wronged); mæla við [e-n] speak to or with [sb], say to [sb]; mæla með [e-m/e-u] recommend [sb/sth]
mælti 1/3sg past of mæla
mær <acc mey, dat meyju, gen meyjar, pl meyjar, dat meyjum, gen meyja> f maid, girl, virgin
mætta 1sg past subjunct of mega
Mœrr <acc Mœri, dat Mœri, gen Mœrar > f region in West Norway
mœta <-tti, -ttr> vb (2) to meet
mǫgfellandi m kin-slaying (one)
mǫgr <dat megi, gen magar, pl magir, acc mǫgu> m son, boy
mǫl <gen malar> f pebbles, gravel
mǫn <gen manar, pl manar> f mane
mǫnnum dat pl of maðr
Mǫrðr <gen Marðar> m Mord (personal name)
mǫrg f nom sg & n nom/acc pl of margr
— N —
nafn <pl nǫfn> n name
nafnfrægr adj famous
nagl <pl negl> m nail
nam 1/3sg past of nema
nauðgjald nforced payment
nauð(r) f need, difficulty, distress; ætla [e-t] til nauða [e-m] intend [sth] as harm to [sb]
nauðsyn <pl nauðsynjar> f necessity
nauðugr adj unwilling, reluctant
naut n cattle, oxen
ná <náir, -ði, nát> vb (2) [w dat] to reach, catch, overtake; get, obtain; [w inf] be able to
nágrindr f pl gates of the dead
nál <pl -ar> f needle
náliga adv nearby; nearly, almost
nánd <-ar, -ir> f proximity
nár <nás, náir> m corpse, dead man
nátta <-að> vb (1) to become night, grow dark
náttmál nnine in the evening
náttstaðr m night-quarters
náttúra f natural ability
neðan adv from below, from beneath; without motion beneath, underneath
nef <gen pl nefja> n nose
nefna <-di, -dr> vb (2) to name, call; mention [e-r nom] er nefndr [sb] is mentioned
nefndr ppart of nefna
nei adv no
nema <nemr, nam, námu, numinn> vb (IV) to take; claim land; hear; learn
nema conj except, save, but; [w subjunct] unless
nes n headland, promontory, peninsula
nest n traveling provisions
né conj nor; hvárki…né neither…nor; né…né not…nor
niðr <dat nið, gen niðjar~niðs, pl niðjar> m son, kinsman, relative through marriage
niðr adv down
Niflheimr m Niflheim, the Underworld
Niflhel f Niflhel, Dark Hel, place for some dead
níðninsult
Níðhǫggr m Nidhogg, the serpent which dwells in the spring Hvergelmir
nítján <ord nítjándi nineteenth> num nineteen
nítugandi ord num ninetieth
níu <ord níundi, ninth > num nine
níundi ord ninth
Njáll m Njal (personal name)
njósn <pl -ir> f news; spying, scouting, looking out
njóta <nýtr, naut, nutu, notinn> vb (II) to enjoy
Njǫrðr m Njord, god of the sea, one of the Vanir
norðan adv from the north
Norðmaðr <pl Norðmenn> m Northman, Norseman, Norwegian
Norðmannaliðnband of Norsemen
NorðmanndínNormandy
Norðri m Nordri (mythological name) North, dwarf who supports the heavens
norðr <-rs> n the north
norðr <comp norðar>adv north, northwards
Norðrlǫnd <dat Norðrlǫndum> n pl the Northern countries or region, Scandinavia
Nóregr (also Norvegr or Noregr) <-s> m Norway, lit northern way or norð–vegr
norn <pl -ir> f norn, one of the three fates; one of various supernatural females who shape people’s fates
norrœna f Norse, lit northern
norrœnn adj Norwegian, lit northern
Nóatún n Njord’s home, lit precinct of ships (nóa), i.e., sea, see Njǫrðr
Nóregr (also Noregr or Norvegr) <-s> m Norway
nótt (also nátt) <gen nætr, pl nætr> f night; of nóttina during the night
numinn ppart of nema
nú adv now
nýr <acc nýjan, f ný, n nýtt> adj new
nýra n kidney
næði 3sg/pl past subjunct of ná
nær prep [w dat] near; adv almost, nearly; hvé nær conj when; comp adv nearer
nærricomp adv nearer, very near
næst superl adv nearest, next; því næst thereupon
næstr superl adj next; nearest
nǫfn nom/acc pl of nafn
nǫkkurr <f nǫkkur, n nǫkkut> adj pron any, anybody; some, a certain
nǫkkut adv somewhat
nǫkkvi <-a, -ar> m boat, ship
Nǫrðrlǫnd var of Norðrlǫnd
Nǫrr m Norr, (personal name)
— O —
of prep [w acc/dat] over, [of time] in, during; [w acc] of, about; adv too
ofan adv from above, down; downwards; on the uppermost part, at the top of; [w gen] above the surface of
ofan á prep [w acc] down (from above) to
ofan til prep [w gen] down (from above) to
ofn <-s, -ar> m oven
ok conj and; adv also
okkar gen of vit
okkr acc/dat of vit
okkarr poss dual pron our
opt <comp optar, superl optast> adv often
orð n word; repute, fame, report; í ǫðru orði at the same time, likewise, lit in a second word
orðit ppart of verða
orðstírr m fame, renown
Orkneyjar f pl the Orkney Islands (place name)
ormr <-s, -ar> m snake, serpent, worm
Ormr <-s> m Orm (personal name); Ormr inn auðgi Orm the Wealthy
ormr-í-auga n Snake-in-the-Eye (nickname)
ormslíki n shape, form of a dragon
ormstunga f Worm-Tongue (nickname)
orrosta f battle; til orrostu to or for battle
orrostumaðr(pl orrostumenn) mwarrior, man of battle
orti see yrkja
oss acc/dat of vér
otr <gen otrs, pl otrar> m otter
otrbelgr m otter pelt or skin
otrgjǫldnpl wergeld, ransom, or compensation for a dead otter, Otter’s ransom
oxi var of uxi
— Ó —
ó- neg pref un-
ódæll adj difficult, quarrelsome, stubborn
óðal <pl óðǫl> n ancestral property, patrimony, allodium, property held in allodial tenure
óðfúss adj madly keen, eager
Óðindísa f Odindisa (personal name)
Óðinn m Odin, chief god of the Æsir
óðr <f óð, n ótt> adj frantic; furious, vehement
óeirðarmaðr m unruly man
óf 1/3sg past of vefa
Ófeigr <-s> m Ofeig (personal name)
óframliga adv timidly
ófriðr <-ar> m war, strife
ógurligr adj awful, terrible
óhræddr adj unafraid
ójafn adj uneven, unequal
ójafnaðarmaðr m an overbearing, unjust individual
ók 1/3sg past of aka
ókátr adj gloomy
ókembdr <n ókembt> ppart unkempt
Óláfr <-s> m Olaf (personal name); Óláfr pái Olaf the Peacock
Ólǫf <gen Ólafar> f Olof (personal name)
ólǫg n lawlesness
ór (also úr) prep [w dat] out of, from, from inside of; made of
óráð n evil plan
óríkr adj weak
órlausn f solution
óskǫp n pl ill fate
óskorinn <n óskorit> ppart uncut, unshorn
ósætt f disagreement
ótrúligr adj unbelievable; unpredictable;suspicious
ótta f last part of the night before dawn
óttask <-að-> vb (2) to be afraid
ótti m fear
óvandr adj unwary
óvinr m enemy
óvitrliga adv foolishly
óvægr adj harsh, unmerciful
óx 1/3sg past of vaxa
óþýðr adj unfriendly; intimidating
— P —
pallr mstep; raised platform along the side(s) of a hall
papi m pope; priest; name for the Irish anchorites said to be in Iceland when the first Norse settlers arrived.
pái (also pá) m peacock (nickname)
penningr m coin, penny; piece of property, article
prestr m priest; prestrinn the priest
— R —
Ragnarr <-s> m Ragnarr/Ragnar (personal name); Ragnarr loðbrókkr (also Loðbrók) Ragnar Shaggy/hairy -breeches, a legendary Viking chieftain of the 9th century; see loðbrókkr
ragnarøk(k)r <-rs> n Ragnarok, the twilight of the gods, the world’s end (also ragna rǫk n pl doom of the gods; see rǫk)
Ragnfrøðr <-s> m Ragnfrod (personal name)
Ragnhildr <acc/dat Ragnhildi, gen Ragnhildar> f Ragnhild (personal name)
Ragnvaldr <-s> m Ragnvald (personal name)
ragr <f rǫg, n ragt> adj effeminate, cowardly, (passively) homosexual
rammr <f rǫmm, n rammt> adj strong; mighty, powerful; rammr at afli extremely strong
Rangárvellir m pl Rangarvellir (place name) Rang River Plains
rangr <f rǫng, n rangt> adj crooked, unjust; wrong, false
Rannveig <-ar> f Rannveig (personal name)
Ratatoskr (also Ratatǫskr) <-s> m Ratatosk, squirrel that carries insults between Níðhǫggr and the eagle
Rauð-Balli m Red-Balli (personal name)
rauðr <f rauð, n rautt> adj red (frequently as a descriptor for gold)
Raumaríki n Raumariki (place name) Romerike
ráðnadvice, counsel; plan
ráða <ræðr, réð, réðu, ráðinn> vb (VII) [w dat] to advise, counsel; rule, govern, manage; réð lǫndum ruled over (his) lands; þat var ráðit it was decided; ráða at + dat attack réð at húskǫrlum Flosa attacked Flosi’s men; ráða fyrir [e-u] rule over [sth]; ráða um við [e-t] deliberate or think about [sth];
ráðagørð <pl -ir> f council; eiga ráðagørð take council
ráðsnjallr adj wise in counsel
ráku 3pl past of reka
Refill m name of a sword
Refr <-s> m Ref (personal name) Fox; Refr inn rauði Ref the Red
Refsstaðir m pl Refsstadir (place name) Ref’s Farmstead
regin <dat pl rǫgnum, gen ragna> n pl (divine) powers, gods
Reginn <-s> m Regin; son of Hreidmar, brother of Fáfnir the dragon
regna <-di, -t> vb (2) to rain
reiddisk 2/3sg past of reiðask
reið <dat -u, -ar, -ar> f vehicle, wagon, carriage, cart, or chariot; ride, the act of riding
reið 1/3sg past of ríða
reiðask <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to become angry
reiðfara adj indecl have a good passage
reiðifanger, wrath; af reiði in anger, out of anger
reiðimship’s equipment, rigging
reiðr adj angry, wrathful, offended
reis 1/3sg past of rísa
reisa <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to raise; láta reisa stein have a stone raised
reist 1/3sg past of rísta
reka <rekr, rak, ráku, rekinn> vb (V) to drive, herd; drive onto shore, wreck; [w gen] take vengeance for; reka spor follow tracks or footprints
rekaviðr m driftwood
reki m driftage, a thing drifted ashore, wreck
rekja <rakði~rakti, rakiðr~rakðr~raktr> vb (3) to track, trace
rekkja f bed; fara í rekkju go to bed
reknir ppart of reka
renna <rennr, rann, runnu, runninn> vb (III) intrans to run, flee; put to flight; melt
renna <-di, -dr> vb (2) trans to make/let run; twart
reri 3sg past of róa
Rerir <-s> m Reri (personal name)
reru 3pl past of róa
reyðr <acc/dat reyði, gen reyðar, pl reyðar> f rorqual, large baleen whale
Reykjanes n Reykjanes (place name), ‘Smokey Peninsula’
Reykjarvík f Reykjavik, ’Smokey Bay’ (modern Reykjavík)
reyna <-di, -dr> vb (2) to try, prove; experience
réð 1/3sg past of ráða
réði 3sg/pl past subjunct of ráða
rétt adv directly, straight; exactly, precisely; rightly, correctly; from adj réttr
réttr <f rétt, n rétt> adj straight; correct, right, just
réttr <-ar> m law
rif <dat pl rifjum> n rib; reef (in the sea)
Rifsker <dat pl Rifskerjum> n Rifsker (place name), Rocky or Rib Reef
rista (also rísta) <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to cut, carve, engrave
ristnar ppart of rísta (f nom/acc pl)
rita <-að-> vb (1) to write, var of ríta
ríða <ríðr, reið, riðu, riðinn> vb (I) to ride
riði 3sg/pl past subjunct of ríða
Ríkarðr <-ar> m Richard
ríkastr superl adj of ríkr richest
ríki <dat pl ríkjum, gen pl ríkja> n power; realm; kingdom
ríkismaðr (pl ríkismenn) m great man, prominent man, wealthy man, man of power
ríkr <acc ríkjan> adj powerful, mighty
rísa <ríss, reis, risu, risinn> vb (I) to arise, rise, stand up; rísa upp rise up, get up
rísmál n six in the morning
rísta <rístr, reist, ristu, ristinn> vb (I) to cut; carve, engrave; carve, form by carving; láta rísta rúnar have runes carved
ríta <rítr, reit, ritu, ritinn> vb (I) to write; scratch, cut
rjóða <rýðr, rauð, ruðu, roðinn> vb (II) to redden
rjúf imperative of rjúfa; break
rjúfa <rýfr, rauf, rufu, rofinn> vb (II) to break, rip; break a hole in; rjúfa sáttmál break an agreement or truce; (impers) rýfr veðrit the weather clears
Roðbertr lǫngumspaði <-s> m Robert Longsword
Rogaland nRogaland (place name)
róa <rœr, røri~reri, røru~reru, róinn> vb (VII) to row
róðr <gen róðrar, pl róðrar> m rowing, pulling
rógmálmr m gold, metal of strife
rót <gen rótar, pl rœtr> f root
róta <-að-> vb (1) [w dat] to throw into disorder; róta [e-u] í sundr knock [sth] apart
runnu 3pl past of renna
rúm n bed; space, seat
rún <pl -ar> f secret, mystery; rune, a letter in the runic futhark
rygr <-jar> f housewife
ræðr 2/3sg of ráða
ræna <-di, -dr ~ -ti, -tr> vb (2) to rob, steal, plunder; ræna [e-n] [e-t] rob [sb] of [sth]
rœða <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to speak; converse, discuss
rœtr nom/acc pl of rót
rǫg f nom sg & n nom/acc pl of ragr
Rǫgnvaldr <-s~ar> m Rognvald (personal name)
rǫk n pl judgment, doom
rǫkðu 3pl past of rekja
røk(k)r <-rs> n twilight
røru 3pl past of róa
rǫskr <acc rǫskvan> adj sturdy, vigorous, brave
rǫst <gen rastar, pl rastir> f unit of distance between two resting places (perhaps equivalent to the Old Scandinavian mile)
— S —
saga <pl sǫgur> f what is said, story, saga, tale, legend, history; saga til [e-s] a story about [sth]; nú víkr sǫgunni now it [the subject] in the saga moves
sagði 3sg past of segja
sagt ppart of segja
sakar gen of sǫk
sakeyrirmfine
sakna <-að> vb (1) [w gen] to miss, feel the loss of
sal acc/dat sg of salr
salr <dat sal, gen salar, pl salir> m hall
saltir str m nom pl of saltr
saltr <sǫlt, salt> adj salty
saman adv together
samfǫr <pl samfarar> f (usu in pl) relationship, marriage
sammœðr adj of the same mother
samr <f sǫm, n samt> adj pron same; ina sǫmu nótt on the same night; it sama the same, likewise
sannnefni n appropriate, truthful name
sannr <f sǫnn, n satt> adj true
sat see sitja
sauðahús n sheep pen, sheep-fold
sauðamaðr (pl sauðamenn) m shepherd
sauðr <-ar, -ir> m sheep
sautján (also sjautján) <ord s(j)autjándi, seventeenth> num seventeen
sá <f sú, n þat> dem pron that (one)
sá <sær, søri~seri, søru~seru, sáinn> vb (VII) to sow
sá 1/3sg past of sjá
sál <gen sálar, pl sálir> f var of sála
sála <pl sálur> f soul
sáldncask, vat
sámr adj swarthy, blackish
sár n wound
sárr adj wounded; painful, sore
sáttr adj reconciled, at peace
sátu 3pl past of sitja
sáu 3pl past of sjá
sefr 2/3sg pres of sofa
seggr <pl seggir, gen seggja> m man
segir 2/3 sg pres of segja
segja <sagði, sagt> vb (3) to say; segja frá [e-u] reveal, tell about [sth]; segja [e-m] til [e-s] tell, inform [sb] of [sth]; segja til sín give one’s name
sekr <acc sekan~sekjan> adj guilty; convicted, condemned to outlawry; gera [e-n] sekan condemn [sb] to outlawry
selja <-di, -dr> vb (2) to hand over to another; sell; seljast mid give oneself up
sem rel particle who, which, that; conj as; [w superl] as … as possible; where
senda <-di, -dr> vb (2) to send
sendi 1/3sg past & 1sg pres of senda
sendimaðr m messenger
senn adv at once, straight away
setja <-tti, -ttr> vb (2) to set, seat, place; setja til ríkis put in power; setja at [e-m] attack [sb];setja á push; setja saman set up, put together; setja upp set, stand up; setja við prepare; setjask mid seat oneself, sit
sex <ord sétti, sixth > num six
sex tigir num sixty
sextán <ord sextándi, sixteenth> num sixteen
sextugandi ord num sixtieth
seyra f starvation, famine
sezk 2/3sg pres of setjask (setr + sk)
sé 1/3sg & 3pl pres subjunct of vera (see also sjá, síga)
sém 1pl pres subjunct of vera
sér dat of sik
sér 2/3sg of sjá
sétti ord sixth
siða <-að-> vb (2) to get people to conduct themselves properly; to introduce order; to convert (to Christianity)
siðaðr ppart of siða (m nom sg), behaved, mannered
Sif f Sif, a goddess, the wife of Thor
SigfaðirmVictory-father, a name for Óðinn
Sighvatr <-s> m Sighvat (personal name)
sigla <-di, -dr> vb (2) to sail
sigla f mast
Sighvatr <-s> m Sighvat (personal name); Sighvatr inn rauði Sighvat the Red
SigimSigi (personal name)
Sigmundr <-ar> m Sigmund (personal name)
Signý <-jar> f Signy (personal name)
sigr <-rs> m victory
sigra <-að-> vb (1)todefeat
Sigríðr <acc/dat Sigríði, gen Sigríðar> f Sigrid (personal name)
sigrsæll adj victorious
Sigrøðr <-ar> m Sigrod (personal name)
Sigtryggr <-s> m Sigtrygg (personal name)
Sigurðr <-ar> m Sigurd (personal name); Sigurðr slefa Sigurd the Slobberer
sik <dat sér, gen sín> refl acc pron him-/her-/it-/oneself, themselves; undir sik under himself
silfr n silver
Silfrintoppr m Silfrintopp (mythological name) ‘Silver-Tuft’ or ‘Silver-Mane’, horse of the Æsir
silki n silk
silkitreyja f silken jacket
sinn n time (of repetition); eitt sinn one time; einu sinni once; hvert sinn every
sinn <f sín, n sitt> refl poss pron his, her, its, their own
sitja <sitr, sat, sátu, setinn> vb (V) to sit; reside
sitt n nom/acc sg of sinn
síð <comp síðr, superl sízt> adv late
síðan adv then, later, afterwards
síðar(r) comp adv of síð later
síðast superl adv of síð later
síðr superl adv of síð less
síðr <f sið n sítt> adj long, low-hanging
síga <sígr, sé~seig, sigu, siginn> vb (I) to sink gently down; glide, move slowly
Símon knútr m Simon Knot (personal name)
sín gen of sik
sína f acc sg of sinn
sínu n dat sg of poss pron sinn
Síreksstaðir m pl Sireksstadir (place name) Sirek’s Farmstead
síztconj since, for
sízt superl adv of síð least
sjaldan adv seldom
sjautján var of sautján
sjau <ord sjaundi, seventh > num seven
sjautugandi ord num seventieth
sjá var of þessi
sjá <sér, sá, sá(u), sénn> vb (V) to see, look; understand; sjá á [e-m] look upon [sb]
sjái 3sg & pl pres subjunct of sjá
Sjáland n Zealand, Sjælland in modern Danish (place name)
sjálfbjargi adj indecl self-sufficient
sjálfr adj pron self, oneself, himself, herself, itself, themselves
sjálfum m dat sg/all dat pl of sjálfr
sjávarafli m catch of fish, bounty of the sea
sjónhverfing f optical illusion (caused by a spell)
sjónlauss adj blind, sightless
sjór <gen sjóvar~sjófar> m sea; fyrir ofan sjó above the waterline
skaði m harm, damage; death
skafa <skefr, skóf, skófu, skafinn> vb (VI) toscrape, shave
skaka <skekr, skók, skóku, skekinn> vb (VI) to shake
skal 1/3sg pres of skulu
skalat = skal + -(a)t; ‘shall not’, -(a)t is a negative suffix
Skalla-Grímr <-s> m Skalla-Grim, Bald-Grim (personal name)
skalt 2sg pres of skulu
skaltu = skalt + þú
skammr adj short; brief
skammt adv short distance, not far (place)
skap n state, condition; temper, mood
skapa <-að-; skepr, skóp, skópu, skapinn> vb (wk/str 1/VI)to shape, form, make, create
skapt <pl skǫpt> n handle, shaft; á hávu skapti on a long shaft
skar 1/3sg past of skera
skarpr <f skǫrp, n skarpt> adj scorched, pinched, chafing
skattr <-s, -ar> m tribute, tax
skáld n poet, skald
skáldskaparmáln pl poetic diction
skálimmain hall, sleeping hall
skálm <pl -ir> f short sword, cleaver
Skáney f Skåne, Denmark (place name), now part of Sweden
skáru 3pl past of skera
skegg n beard
skeinuhættr adj likely to wound
skel f shell
skelfr 2/3sg pres of skjálfa
skellr <pl -ir> m blow, stroke
sker <dat pl skerjum, gen pl skerja> n skerry, isolated rock sticking out of the sea
skemaðr (alsoskímaðr)<-manns, -menn>mimpostor; hypocrite
skera <skerr, skar, skáru, skorinn> vb (IV) to cut
skikkja f cloak
skilja <-di~ði, skiliðr~skildr~skilinn> vb (2) to part, separate, divide; understand; þá skilr á um [e-t] impers they fall out over, differ, disagree about [sth]; skiljask mid separate, part from each other
skillingr <-s, -ar> m shilling, i.e., piece of money; pl money
skilnaðr <-s> m parting
skinn n skin, hide, fur
Skinna-Bjǫrn m Bjorn Fur-Skins (personal name)
skinnimskinner (nickname)
skipn ship
skipa <-að-> vb (2) to arrange, array; man, occupy
skipfǫr <gen skipfarar, pl skipfarar> f voyage, sailing, passage of a ship
skipsflak (also skipflak) n shipwreck
skipsǫgn f ship’s crew
skipt n nom/acc ppart of skipta
skipta <-ti, -tr> vb (2) [w dat] to divide; share; change
skipti n division
skíð n ski, piece of wood; skíð Atals grundar ski of the land of Atal (kenning for ‘ship’)
skíðn stick
SkíðimSkidi (personal name)
skína <skínr, skein, skinu, skininn> vb (I)to shine
SkírnirmSkirnir (personal name)
skjaldborg f shield-wall, protection
skjall n white membrane of an egg
skjálfa <skelfr, skalf, skulfu, skolfinn> vb (III) to tremble, shake
skjóta <skýtr, skaut, skutu, skotinn> vb (II) to shoot
skjótari comp adj of skjótr quicker, swifter
skjótliga adv swiftly
skótligr adj swift, alert
skjótr adj quick, swift
skjótt adv suddenly
skjǫldr <dat skildi, gen skjaldar, pl skildir, acc skjǫldu> m shield
Skjǫldr <gen Skaldar> m Skjold (personal name)
SkollmSkoll, the wolf that pursues the sun
skorinn ppart of skera
skorta <-ti, -t> vb (2) to be lacking to one; [e-n] skortir [e-t] [sb] is short of [sth]
skotnshooting, shot, missiles
Skotland n Scotland
skógr <-ar, -ar> m wood, forest
skór <dat skó, gen skós, pl skúar, acc skúa, dat skóm, gen skúa> m shoe
skrifa <-að-> vb (1) to write; draw
skríða <skríðr, skreið, skriðu, skriðinn> vb (I) to crawl
Skrýmir <-s> m Skrymir, name of a giant
Skrælingr <-s, -ar~-jar> m term referring to natives of North America and Greenland (derogatory)
Skuld f Skuld (mythological name,) Debt, that which should become, one of the three Norns
skulu <skal, skyldi, past inf skyldu> pret-pres vb shall (obligation, purpose, necessity, fate); should
skurðr <-ar, -ir> m cutting, slice; a trench; the flensing of a whale
skúr f shower
Skútaðar-Skeggi m Skeggi of Skutad (personal name)
skyld <pl -ir> f tax, due; incumbrance (on an estate); reason, sake
skyldr adj bound, obliged; due; urgent; related by kinship
skyldi 3sg past & 3sg/pl past subjunct of skulu/skyldu
skyldu 3pl past & past infin of skulu
skyli 3sg & pl pres subjunct of skulu
skynda <-di, -dr> vb (2)[w dat] to hurry, hasten
skynja <-að-> vb (1) to perceive, make out, understand
skyr n curdled milk
ský <gen pl skýja> n cloud
Skǫfnungr (also Skǫflungr) m Skofnung, possibly Shin Bone, the name of King Hrolf’s sword
skǫkull <dat skǫkli, gen skǫkuls> m harness
skǫr <gen skarar> f locks, hair
skǫrungr <-s, -ar> m notable man or woman, leader
slá <slær, sló, slógu, sleginn> vb (VI) to strike; forge
slefafsaliva, slobber; slobberer (nickname)
sleikja <-ði- / -ti-, -ðr- / -tr-> vb (2) to lick
sleikti 3sg past of sleikja
Sleipnir m Sleipnir, Odin’s horse
sleppa <sleppr, slapp, sluppu, sloppinn> vb (III) to slip; escape, slip away; fail, slip up
slíðrar (also slíðrir) f pl sheath, scabbard
slíðrir var of slíðrar
slíkr adj such
slíkt adv in such a way
sló 1/3sg past of slá
slǫngva (also sløngva) <pl slǫngur> f sling
smalamaðr (pl smalamenn) m shepherd
smám m dat sg, all dat pl of smár
smár <f smá, n smátt> adj small
smiðja <-u, -ur> f smithy
smiðr m smith
smíða <-að-> vb to create, make, build, erect; forge; work in wood or metal
smíðaði 3sg past of smíða
smjúga <smýgr, smaug~smó, smugu, smoginn> vb (II) to creep through an opening; pierce
smjǫr <dat smjǫrvi> n butter
Smjǫrvatnsheiðr f Smjorvatnsheid (place name), Butter-Lake Heath
sneiða <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to slice; glance off
snemma (also snimma) <comp snemr, superl snemst> adv early
snemr comp adv of snemma earlier
snerta <snertr, snart, snurtu, snortinn> vb (III) to touch; concern
snimma var of snemma
snjallræði n wise counsel
snjófa / snjáfa <-að> vb (1) to snow
snjór <gen snjóvar~snjófar> m snow
Snorri <-a> m Snorri (personal name)
snúa <snýr, sneri~snøri, sneru~snøru, snúinn> vb (VII) to turn; twist, plait, braid; snúask til turn oneself to
Snækólfr m Snaekolf (personal name)
sofa <søfr~sefr, svaf, sváfu, sofinn> vb (IV) to sleep
sofna <-að-> vb (1) to fall asleep; vera sofnaðr have fallen asleep
sokkr <-s, -ar> m sock, stocking; einir sokkar a pair of socks
soltinn adj hungry (see also svelta)
sonargjǫld n pl wergeld, ransom, or compensation for a dead son
son acc sg of sonr
son var nom of sonr
sonarsonr m grandson
sonr <dat syni, gen sonar, pl synir, acc sonu> m son
Sóknadalr m Soknadale (place name)
sól <dat sól~sólu> f sun; day
sólskin n sunshine
sómi m an honor
Sótanes n Sotaness (place name)
sótti 3sg past of sœkja
sóttu 3pl past of sœkja
spaðimspade, shovel
spakara comp adv of adj spakr more wisely
spakr <f spǫk, n spakt, comp spakari, superl spakastr> adj wise
spá <-ði, spát> vb (2)to prophesy, fortell
spánn (also spónn) <dat spæni, gen spánar, pl spænir, acc spænir> m chip, shaving; spoon
spekð (also spekt) f peace; wisdom
speki f wisdom
spekingr <-s, -ar> m wise person, sage
spekt (also spekð) f peace; wisdom
speni <-a, -ar> m teat, udder
spenum dat pl of speni
spilla <-ti, -tr> vb (2) [w dat] to spoil, destroy
spillirmspoiler; spillir bauga spoiler of rings, generous prince
spinna <spinnr, spann, spunnu, spunninn> vb (III)to spin
spjótnspear, lance
Spjútr <-s> m Spjut (personal name)
sporntrack, trail, footprint; step, foothold
spónn var of spánn
spretta <sprettr, spratt, spruttu, sprottinn> vb (III) to spring up, burst forth; start, spring; sprout
springa <springr, sprakk, sprungu, sprunginn> vb (III) to jump, spring; issue forth; burst; die from overexertion or grief
spurði 3sg past of spyrja
spurðusk 3pl past mid of spyrja
spyrja <spurði, spurðr> vb (3) to ask; hear, hear of, learn, be informed of, find out; spyrja til [e-s] have news of [sb], learn of [sb]; spyrja [e-n] at [e-u] ask [sb] about [sth]; spyrjask mid
spyrr 2/3sg pres of spyrja
spýta <-tti, -ttr> vb spit
spýttu 3pl past of spýta
spǫrr <pl sparvar> m sparrow
staddr (ppart of steðja) placed, present; situated
staðr <dat stað~staði, gen staðar, pl staðir> m stead, parcel of land; place, spot; abode, dwelling
stafr <gen -s, pl stafar~stafir> m wooden staff, stick; pole, timber
stalli <-a, -ar> m altar (heathen)
stallr <-s, -ar> m stall; pedestal
standa <stendr, stóð, stóðu, staðinn> vb (VII) to stand; stay, remain; stand, stick; rest, stop; befit, become; catch, overtake; standa af [e-u] be caused by [sth]; standa undir [e-u] be subject to [sth]; standa undir [e-t] support, approve of [sth]; standa við [e-u] withstand [sth]; standa yfir last
stanga <-að-> vb (1) to ram, (head)butt, gore (of cattle); stangask mid butt each other
starf n work
steði <gen steðja> m anvil
steðja <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to stop; fix, settle
stefna <-di, -dr> vb (2) to aim at, go in a certain direction; call, call together, summon
stefna f direction, course; meeting; appointment; summons
steikja <-ði~ti, -ðr~tr> vb (2) to roast
steina <-di, -dr> vb (2) to paint
Steinbjǫrn <gen -bjarnar> m Steinbjorn, Stone-Bear (personal name)
steinn <-s, -ar> m stone; cave or stone dwelling; poet precious stone, jewel
Steinn <-s> m Stein (place name) Stone
steint ppart of steina; steint mjǫk fully painted
stela <stelr, stal, stálu, stolinn> (IV) vb tosteal
sterkastr superl adj of sterkr
sterkr <comp sterkari, superl sterkastr> adj strong
Stiklastaðir m pl Stiklastad (place name)
stikublígr m stick-gazer, miser (nickname)
stinnr adj stiff, unbending, strong
stirðr <n stirt> adj stiff, rigid; harsh, severe
stirt adv harshly
stíga <stígr, sté~steig, stigu, stiginn> vb (I) to step, tread; stíga á hest mount a horse
stjarna <gen stjǫrnu, pl stjǫrnur> f star
stjórna <-að> vb (1) [w dat] to rule over, govern, command
stjórnar 2/3 sg pres of stjórna
stjórnsamr adj ambitious, overbearing
stofa f stove room, a room in a long house, secondary to the eldaskáli and warmed by a stove of flat stones; served as a living room, where women worked the looms, families sat in the evenings, and feasts were held
stokkr <-s, -ar> m trunk or log of wood; wooden beam; base under an anvil
stolinn ppart of stela
stormrmstorm
stóð 1/3sg past of standa
stóðu 3pl past of standa
stóll <-s, -ar> m stool, chair; bishop’s see; king’s throne or residence
stólkonungr <-s, -ar> m ‘throne-king’, emperor
stórilla adv very badly
stórlátr adj proud, haughty, arrogant
stórlæti n pride; overbearing; liberality
stórmannligr adj magnificent, grand
stórmennska f magnanimity
stórmerkinpl great wonders
stórr <f stór, n stórt; comp stœrri, superl stœrstr> adj big
strandhǫggnshore raid, piracy; høggva strandhǫgg engage in piracy
stórum m dat sg, all dat pl of stórr
Strandir f pl Strandir (place name), the Strands
straumr <gen straums, pl straumar> m stream
strá <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to strew, spread
strengja <-da, -dr> vb (2) to swear solemnly; string tight
strjúka <strýkr, strauk, struku, strokinn> vb (II) to stroke, rub, wipe; caress; smooth, brush
strǫnd <dat strǫndu~strǫnd, gen strandar, pl strendr~strandir> f strand, coast, shore; border, edge
stund f a while, a time; hour
stundum … stundum conj sometimes … sometimes, at times … at times
stýra <-ði, -t> vb (4)[w dat] to steer, command; rule, govern; manage
stýrandi m ruler
stýrimaðr (pl stýrimenn) m captain, steersman
stœrri comp adj of stórr bigger
stǫðlinum = stǫðli + inum, dat sg of stǫðull
stǫðull <dat stǫðli> m milking pen (for cows)
stǫðva <-að-> vb (1) to stop, halt
stǫkk 1/3sg past of støkkva
støkkva <støkkr, stǫkk, stukku, stokkinn> vb (III) to spring, burst, leap; be sprinkled
stǫng <stangar, stangir~stengr> f staff, pole
stǫnguðusk see stangask
suðr <-rs> n south
suðr adv south, southwards
Suðreyjarfpl the Hebrides (from a Norwegian perspective, lit the South Isles)
Suðri m Sudri (mythological name) South, dwarf who holds up the sky
Suðrlǫnd n pl the Southlands, Germany
Suðrmaðr m South-man, southerner; a German, a Saxon
Suðr-Rygirnir m pl South Rogalanders
suðrœnn adj southern
sultr <-ar> m hunger, famine
sumar <pl sumur> n summer; um sumarit in the summer; hvert sumar every summer
sumir m nom pl of sumr
sumr adj pron some
sumra <-að> vb (1) to draw near summer
sumur n nom/acc pl of sumar
sundfœrr adj able to swim; sundfœrr of sæ sea-worthy, lit able to swim over the sea
sundr adv asunder
sunna f sun
sunnan adv from the south
SunnudalrmSunnudal (place name)
Surtr m Surt, the lord of Múspellsheimr
sú <acc þá, dat þeir(r)i, gen þeir(r)ar> f sg dem of sá that (one)
Súðvirki n Southwark (place name)
SúlkimSulki (personal name)
súpa <sýpr, saup, supu, sopinn> vb (II) to sip, drink; take a sip
svaf 1/3sg past of sofa
svalr adj cool
svaltz var of svalzt
svalzt 2sg past of svelta
svanr <-s, -ir> m swan
Svanr m Svan, Swan (personal name)
svar <pl svǫr> n answer, reply
svara <-að-> vb (1) [w dat] to answer
svardagi moath
Svartálfheimr mSvartalfheim (mythological name) world of the dark elves
svartr <f svǫrt, n svart> adj black
Svartr m Svart (personal name) Black
svá adv so, thus; such; then; so (denoting degree); svá at such that, with the result that; svá sem so as, as; svá mikill at so great
sveinn <-s, -ar> m boy, lad; servant; page
Sveinn tjúguskegg <gen Sveins> m Svein Forkbeard, king of Denmark (987–1014)
sveit <pl sveitir> f group or body of men; troop, band, company; region, district
sveiti m sweat, blood
svelgja <svelgr, svalg, sulgu, sólginn> vb (III) ti swallow
svelta <sveltr, svalt, sultu, soltinn> [w dat] vb (III) to starve, die (of starvation); suffer hunger; svelta hungri die of hunger
sverðn sword
sverðsegg f sword’s edge
sverja <svarði, svarðr or sverr, sór, sóru, svarinn> vb (VI) swear (an oath)
svimma <svimmr, svamm, summu, summinn> vb (III) to swim
svipan f swing, blow
Svipdagr <-s> m Svipdag (personal name)
svipstund f moment
svipta <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to sweep; throw, fling
Svíaland n Sweden (see also Svíþjóð)
Svíar m pl the Swedes
svíða <svíðr, sveið, sviðu, sviðinn> vb (I) to singe, burn
svíkja <svíkr, sveik, sviku, svikinn> vb (I) to betray, deceive, cheat, defraud
Svívǫr f Svivor, a giantess killed by Thor
Svíþjóð f Sweden
svǫr nom/acc pl of svar
svǫrt see svartr
syngja (also syngva)<syngr, sǫng, sungu, sunginn> vb (III) to sing
syni dat of sonr
synir dat pl of sonr
syrgja <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to mourn
systir <acc/dat/gen systur, pl systr> f sister
sýna <-di, -dr> vb (2) to show; sýnask mid seem, appear
sýndisk 2/3sg past of sýnask
sýnum adv by sight, apparently
sæhafa indecl adj sea-tossed, driven off one’s course; verða sæhafa be driven off-course
Sæhrímnir m Sæhrimnir, the boar who feeds the warriors in Valhǫll
sæll <comp sælli,superlsælstr>adj fortunate, happy
sær <acc sæ, dat sævi~sæ, gen sævar> m sea
sæta <-tta, -tt> vb (4) [w dat] to wait in ambush, waylay; undergo, suffer; bring about, cause
sætt <pl sættir, dat sáttum, gen sátta> f settlement, reconciliation, atonement, agreement; at sætt as atonement
sætta <-tti, -ttr> vb (2) to reconcile; make peace among; sættask mid come to terms, settle, agree, be reconciled
sættusk 3pl past mid of sætta
sœkja <sótti, sóttr> vb (3) to seek; pursue; sœkja til [e-s] seek out [sb]
sœmð f honor
sœnskr adj Swedish
sǫgu see saga; sǫgunni in the saga
sǫk <gen sakar; pl sakar~sakir> f cause, reason, sake; fyrir [e-s] sakar on account of, because of [sth]
sǫk f thing, case
søkkva <søkkr, sǫkk, sukku, sokinn> vb (III) to sink
sǫm fnom sg & n nom/acc pl of samr
sǫmu str n dat sg, wk f acc/dat/gen sg & all wk nom/acc/gen pl of samr
sǫngr <-s, -var> m song
— T —
taka <tekr, tók, tóku, tekinn> vb (VI) to take, catch, seize; take hold of, grasp; reach, touch; [w inf] begin; impers [e-t] taka af [sth] comes loose, comes off; [sth] ceases; taka arf inherit; taka [e-t] á [e-u] touch [sth] with [sth]; taka [e-m] fegins hendi receive [sb] gladfully, joyfully; taka í sundr cut asunder; taka í hafi take to sea; taka [e-n] hǫndum seize or capture [sb]; taka upp [e-t] pick up [sth]; taka við [e-m] take in, receive, or welcome [sb] into one’s house; taka við [e-u] receive, take possession of, acquire, inherit [sth]; taka til begin; takask mid begin; take place; behave takask til happen
talntalk, parley, conversation
tala <-að-> vb (1) to talk, speak; tala við [e-n] speak to [sb]
Tanngnjóstr m ‘Tooth Gnasher,’ one of the goats that pulls Thor’s chariot
Tanngrisnir m ‘Snarl Tooth,’ one of the goats that pulls Thor’s chariot
teinn <-s, -ar> m twig, spit, stake
tekinn ppart of taka
telgja <-ði, -ðr>vb (2) to shape, hew, carve, cut
telja <talði~taldi, talið~taldr~talinn> vb (3) to count; reckon, consider
temja <temr, tamði~tamdi, tamði~tamdr, taminn> vb (3)to tame; train, exercise
Temps f the river Thames
tigr <gen tigar; pl tigir, acc tigu> m ten; a decade
til prep [w gen] to; till; for (of use); for (of object, intention); with respect to ;alt er til vápna var everything that could be used as a missle; brjóta legg til mergjar break a leg to get at the marrow; til vista var eigi gott they were not well off for provisions
til adv too (of excess)
til handa prep [w dat] for
tilkall <pl tilkǫll> n claim
tillagagóðr adj well-disposed, reliable
tillit n look, glance (cf. líta)
tíð <pl -ir> f time; hour
tíðara comp adv of títt more frequently, more quickly
tíðast superl adv of títt, quickest, most frequent; sem tíðast immediately
tíðendi var of tíðindi
tíðindi (also tíðendi) n pl news, events, tidings
tíðr <f tíð, n títt> adj frequent
tíðum adv often
títt adv quickly, frequently
tími m time
tírœðr adj counted by tens, ten tens
tíu <ord tíundi, tenth > num ten
tívarmpl gods (plural only, in poetic usage)
tjalda <-að-> vb (1) to pitch a tent
tjaldatppart of tjalda, tented; Skipit flaut tjaldat ‘The ship floated tented [with a sail cloth over the mast serving as a tent]
toddi m bit, piece, morsel (nickname)
topt <-ir> f homestead; the walls or foundations of a (former) building
ToptavǫllrmToptavoll (place name)
tók 1/3sg past of taka
tóku 3pl past of taka
tólf <ord tólfti, twelfth > num twelve
tólfræðr adj counted by twelves, twelve tens
tómliga adv slowly
tómr adj slow
tré <dat tré, gen trés, pl tré, dat trjám, gen trjá> n tree; wood
tréfótr m pegleg; ‘Tree-Foot’ (nickname)
tréna <-að-> vb (1) to dry up
trjá see tré
troða <treðr~trøðr, trað, tráðu, treðinn> vb (V) to tread; cram, pack; troðask mid crowd upon each other
troll (also trǫll) n monstrous inhuman creature; human with troll characteristics
trollkona f troll-wife, giantess
trúa (also trú) <trú> f faith, word of honor; (religious) belief
trúa <-ði, trúat> vb (4) to believe
trúr adj true
tryggvimTrue, Faithful, Loyal (nickname)
trǫll var of troll
tungaftongue; language, tongue; tongue of land at the meeting of two rivers
tungl n moon
tuttugu <ord tuttugandi~tuttugundi, twentieth> num twenty
tún n enclosure, farmstead; hayfield, homefield; poet dwellings, precincts
tvau n nom/acc of tveir
tveir <f tvær, n tvau, acc m tvá, dat tveim(r), gen tveggja, ord annarr, second> num two
typpa <-ti~typði, -tr~typðr> vb (2) to top, crown
týja <3sg pres týr, 3sg past týði> vb (2) to do, work; [w dat] help, assist; impers avail, týði ekki it was of no avail
týna <-di, -dr> vb to lose, forget, mistake; týnask mid to perish
tæla <-di, -dr> vb (2) to trick, betray
tœki 3sg/pl past subjunct of taka
tǫnn <gen tannar, pl tenn~tennr~teðr> f tooth
— U —
Uðr var of Unnr
ulfr var of úlfr
ull <dat ullu> f wool
ullarlagðr m tuft of wool
um prep [w acc] about; around; across; for, because of; beyond; during, for, in, by (time); [w dat–in poetic and older texts] over; by, in (time); [w vb of motion] over, past, beyond, across; um alla hluti in every way; fram um or um fram [w vb of motion] on past, up beyond, out over; um dag one day; um nætr by night; um sumarit during the summer; um fram adv in addition; um sinnsakar for this once
um adv, pre-verbal particle (untranslatable, but carrying connotation of completion)
umframprep beyond, more than
um þvert adv (diagonally) across
umhverfis prep [w acc] round, all around; adv there about, all around
una <-ði/di, unat, subjunct ynði> vb (4) to be content in a place; to like/be satisfied Gullharaldr undi þá miklu verr enn áðr GullHarald liked this much less than before; enjoy, be happy, be content with a thing unðu þeir þar litla hríð they were content there only a little while; þeir undu illa sínum hlut they very much disliked their lot; dwell, stay, abide, live at; [w dat]
und var of undir
undan prep [w dat] from under, from beneath; away from; just off, near to
undarliga adv strangely; weirdly
undarligr adj strange; weird
undir (also und) prep [w acc/dat] under, underneath; [w dat] under, depending on; undir sér with him
undirhyggjumaðr m guileful or deceitul person
unðu 3pl past of una
ungr <comp yngri, superl yngstr> adj young
unna <ann, unni, unnt~unnat> pret-pres vb togrant, allow, bestow; [w dat] love; unna [e-m] [e-s] let [sb] have [sth]
unninn /unnin/ unnit ppart of vinna;
Unnr (also Uðr) <acc Unni, dat Unni, gen Unnar> f Unn (personal name)
unnu 3pl past of vinna
uns var of unz
unz (also uns) conj until, till
upp adv up, upward (motion toward)
upphaf n beginning; honor, advancement
upphiminn m heaven (above)
upphǫf pl of upphaf
uppi adv up (position); vera uppi live, last
upplenzkr adj of or pertaining to the Uplands (Norwegian highlands)
Upplǫnd n pl Uplands (place name) Norwegian highlands
Uppsalir m pl Uppsala (place name)
Urðarbrunnr m Urdarbrunn, the Well of Fate
Urðr f Urd, Fate, that which should become, one of the three Norns
urðu 3pl past of verða
uxi (also oxi) <acc/dat/gen uxa, pl yxn~øxn, dat yxnum~øxnum, gen yxna~øxna> m ox
— Ú —
Úlfarr m Ulfar (personal name)
úlfr <-s, -ar> m wolf
úr var of ór
út adv out, outward (motion toward), out to Iceland
útan adv from outside; from abroad, from Iceland, from without; (without motion) outside
útanverðr adj outward, outside, outer part of
útar comp adv of út farther out
útarliga adv far out
Útgarðr m Utgard, the Outer Enclosures, the home of the giants (place name)
úti adv out (place), outside, out-of-doors
útlagi m outlaw
útlendr adj foreign
— V —
vaða <veðr, óð, óðu, vaðinn> vb (VI) wade (through water); rush (at an opponent)
vagn <-s, -ar> m wagon, vehicle
vaka <-ti, vakat> vb (4) to be awake
vakði (also vakti)1/3sg past of vekja
vakna <-að-> intrans vb (1) to awake, get up
Valaskjálf f Valaskjalf, Odin’s silver-roofed hall
valdnpower
Valdres n Valdres, highland region in Norway
ValhǫllfValhalla, the Hall of the Slain
Valir m pl inhabitants (esp Celtic) of France
valkyrjafchooser of the slain, valkyrie
Valland n France
valr m corpses on the battlefield, the slain
valr <-s, -ir> m hawk
vandahús n wicker house
vandamál n complicated case, difficult matter
vandi m habit; custom
vandliga adv carefully
vandr adj difficult
Vanir m pl one of the two major groups of gods
vann 1/3sg past of vinna
vanr adj accustomed, wont; vanr [e-u] accustomed to [sth]; usual
var 1/3sg past of vera
varð 1/3sg past of verða
varðveita <-tta, -ttr> vb (2)to keep, preserve, watch, defend
vargr <-s, -ar> m wolf
varla adv hardly, scarcely
varmr adj warm
varr <f vǫr, n vart> adj aware; cautious, wary
vas (older form of var) 1/3sg past of vera
vatn <gen vatns~vatz~vaz, pl vǫtn> n water, fresh water; lake
vaxa <vex, óx, óxu, vaxinn> vb (VI) to grow
vá 1/3sg past of vega
vágr <-s, -ar> m bay, inlet; wave, sea
Vágr m Vág (place name), ‘Bay’
vágskorinn ppart vágr + skorinn, bay-cut, with bays or inlets
vágu 3pl past of vega
ván <pl vánir> f hope, expectation, prospect
vándr adj (qualitatively) bad, wretched; (morally) bad, wicked
vápn n weapon
vápnaðr ppart armed
Vápnafjǫrðr m Vapnafjord, Weapon’s Fjord
vápndjarfr adj fearless, gallant, daring in battle; inn vápndjarfasti the most fearless in battle
vápnfœrr adj skilled in arms
várnspring
vár gen of vér our (pl)
Vár f perhaps a goddess associated with pledges; Várar hendi by the hand of Var
vára <-að> vb (1) to draw near spring
várar f pl oath, solemn vow
várr poss pl pron our
váru 3pl past of vera
várþing n spring assembly
veð <dat pl veðjum, gen veðja> n pledge
veðrnweather; wind; storm
Veðrfǫlnir m Vedrfolnir, the hawk which sits between the eyes of the eagle atop Yggdrasill
vefa <vefr, óf~vaf, ófu~váfu, ofinn> vb (IV) to weave
vega <vegr, vá, vágu, veginn> vb (V) to kill, slay; fight
veggr <dat vegg, gen -jar~-s, -ir> m wall
vegr <gen vegar~vegs, pl vegir~vegar, acc vegu~vega> m way, road; mode, manner; direction; side
veiða <-ddi, -ddr> vb (2) to catch; hunt
veiðr <acc/dat veiði, gen veiðar, pl veiðar> f hunting, fishing, catch
veit 1/3 pres sg of vita
veita <-tti, -ttr> vb (2) to grant, give, offer; assist; veita [e-m] atgǫngu attack [sb]; veita [e-m] atlǫgu attack [sb]; veita atróðr set out rowing (toward); [e-m] veita betr [sb] has the better of it; veita tilkall make a claim
veizla f feast, banquet
veiztu = veizt þú 2sg pres of vita, you know
vekja <vakði~vakti, vakiðr~vaktr~vakinn> trans vb (3) to wake, awake; vekja [e-n] upp wake [sb] up
vel <comp betr, superl bezt~bazt> adv well; very; vel at sér gifted, capable
velli dat sg of vǫllr
vera <er, var, váru, verit> vb (V) to be; last; vera fyrir lead; vera þar fyrir be there present; vera vel at kominn be welcome; vera við be present, take part in
verða <verðr, varð, urðu, orðinn> vb (III) tobecome, happen; have to; verða at [e-u] become [sth]; verða at grjóti turn to stone; verða at sœtt reconcile; verða sæhafa be driven off-course (when sailing)
Verðandi f Verdandi (mythological name) Becoming or Happening, one of the three norns
verðr adj [w gen] worthy; verðr [e-s] worthy of [sth]
ver-gjarn adj eager for men, lustful
verit ppart of vera (n)
verja <varði, variðr~varðr> defend, verja [e-u] keep [sth] away; verjask mid defend oneself
verk n work
verpa <verpr, varp, urpu, orpinn> vb (III) to throw
verr <-s, -ar> m [poet] husband; [pl] men
verr comp adv of illa, worse
verri comp adj of illr and vándr, worse
verst superl adv of illa worst; sem verst as bad as it can be, as bad as possible
verstr superl adj of illr and vándr worst
verǫld f world
vesa var of vera
vesall adj pathetic, miserable, wretched
vestan adv from the west
Vestfoldf Vestfold (place name)
vestr <gen vestrs> n west; adv westward, vestr um haf, west over the ocean (to Britain)
vestri comp adj of vestr more westerly
Vestri m Vestri (mythological name) dwarf who holds up the sky
Vestribyggð f Western Settlement (place name), part of Norse Greenland
Vestrlǫnd n pl the Weslands, the British Isles and France
vestrvegir m pl the west, i.e., toward the British Isles and beyond, lit the western ways
vestrœnn adj western
vetr <dat vetri, gen vetrar, pl nom and acc vetr> m winter; um vetrinn for the winter
vetra <-að> vb (1) to draw near winter
vexti dat of vǫxtr
Vé m son of Bor and Bestla, brother of Odin
Véfastr <-s> m Vefast (personal name)
vélfdeceit, trick
véla <-ti, -tr> vb (2) to defraud, betray, seduce
vér <acc/dat oss, gen vár> pron we (pl)
við prep [w acc] with; at, by, close to; according to, after; [w dat] against; toward; with; in exchange for, for
viðartaug <pl -ar> f flexible and tough twig
viðr <gen viðar, pl viðir, acc viðu> m tree; forest, wood; timber
viðtaka <gen viðtǫku, pl viðtǫkur> f reception
vika f week
Vilhjálmr m William (personal name); Vilhjálmr bastarðr m William the Conqueror, illegitimate son of Robert Longsword
vilimdesire
Vili m Vili, son of Bor and Bestla, brother of Odin
vilja <2/3sg pres vill, vildi, viljat> vb (4) to wish, want
vil 1sg pres of vilja
vill 2/3sg pres of vilja
viltu = vill + þú
vinaboð n feast for one’s friends
vinátta f friendship (esp a sincere, personal friendship)
vinda <vindr, vatt, undu, undinn> vb (III) totwist, wring, squeeze; wind, hoist; turn, swing; vindask mid make a sudden movement, turn oneself away
vindr <gen -s~-ar> m wind, air
vinfenginfriendship (esp a contractual alliance)
vingóðr <f vingoð, n vingott> adj good towards one’s friends, friendly
Vingólf n Vingolf, ‘Friendly Quarters’; one of the halls of the gods where righteous men go after death
Ving-Þórr m poet brandishing-Thor
vinna <vinnr, vann, unnu, unninn/unnin/unnit> vb (III) to gain, win; work; perform, accomplish; vinna herskap á [e-m] win battles against [sb]; mid vinnask win or gain for oneself; sá þat at áin var unnnin they saw that the river was taken
vinr <-ar, -ir> m friend
vinsæll adj beloved, popular
virða <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to evaluate, value, appaise
virðingfrespect, value
vissi <3pl> vb see vita
vist f food, provisions; stay; abode
vista <-að-> trans vb (1) lodge, find lodging, furnish with food and provisions; vistask mid intrans lodge, take up lodging, stay
vistuðusk 3pl past of vistask
vitnsense, wit, intelligence, understanding
vit <acc/dat okkr, gen okkar> pron we (dual)
vita <veit, vissi, vitaðr> pret-pres vb toknow; vita fram or vita fyrir know the future, foresee
vitandi pres part of vita, knowing
vitja <-að-> vb (1) [w gen] to go to a place; visit
vitr <acc vitran> adj wise, intelligent
vitrari comp adj of vitr wiser
vitrastr superl adj of vitr wisest, most intelligent
víða adv widely, far and wide
víðfrægr adj widely-renowned, famous
víðr adj wide
víg n battle; homicide, manslaughter, killing
vígja <-ði, -ðr> vb (2) to consecrate, hallow
vígr adj able to fight; vígr vel well-skilled in arms
vígvǫllr m battlefield
vík <gen víkr, pl víkr> f bay
Vík f Vik, Bay (place name)
Víkin f the Vík region, Oslo fjord
víking <pl -ar> f raid; í víking on a raid
víkingavǫrðr <-varðar, -verðir> m Viking-Guard (coast guard against Vikings)
víkingr <-s, -ar> m Viking
víkja <víkr, veik, viku, vikinn> vb (I) [w dat] to move, turn; impers nú víkr sǫgunni now the saga shifts
Víkrmaðr (pl Víkrmenn) m man from Vik
Vínland n Vinland (place name) ‘Wine Country,’ region along the North American Atlantic; Vínland it góða ‘Wineland the Good,’ same
vísafverse
Vísburr <-s> m Visbur (personal name)
vísindi n pl knowledge, intelligence
víss adj certain; wise; known
víst adv certainly
vísundr <-s, -ar> m bison
vítt adv far
vægð f mercy, forbearance
vægja <-ði, -t> vb (4) [w dat] to spare; give way to
vængr <-jar, -ir> m wing
vænn <comp vænni, superl vænstr> adj beautiful, fine, handsome; likely, to be expected; hopeful, promising
vænta <-ti, vænt> vb (2) [w gen] to expect, hope for
væri 3sg & pl past subjunct of vera
Væringi <pl Væringjar> m Varangian, the name of the Norse warriors who served as bodyguards to the emperors of Constantinople in the Varangian Guard
vætr n indecl nothing
vættr <dat vætti, gen vættar, pl vættir> f creature, being; supernatural being, spirit
vǫðvi mmuscle
Vǫggr m Vogg (personal name)
vǫllr <dat velli, gen vallar, pl vellir, acc vǫllu, gen valla> m field, plain
Vǫllr m Voll, field (place name)
vǫluspá f the sybil’s prophecy
vǫlva <gen vǫlu, pl vǫlur> f seeress, sybil
vǫrðr <dat verði, gen varðar, pl verðir, acc vǫrðu, gen varða> m warden; coastguard, watchman
vǫrr <dat verri, gen varrar, pl verrir, acc vǫrru> m pull of an oarvǫxtr <dat vexti, gen vaxtar, pl vextir, acc vǫxtu> m size, stature, growth; shape
— Y —
yðarr (also yðvarr) poss pl pron your
yðr acc/dat of pl pron þér, you
yðru n dat of yðarr
yður f nom sg and n nom/acc pl of yðarr
yð(v)ar gen of pl pron þér
yðvarr var of yðarr
yfir prep [w acc/dat] over, above, across; adv over
Yggr m Ygg (mythological name) ‘Terrible One’, a name of Odin
YggdrasillmYggdrasil, name of the World Tree
ykkar gen of dual pron þit
ykkarr poss dual pron your
ykkr acc/dat of dual pron þit, you
ylgr <-jar> f she-wolf
Ymir m Ymir (personal name)
Ynglingar m pl Ynglings (personal name) Swedish-Norwegian dynasty; descendants of the god Yngvi
yngri comp adj of ungr younger
yngstr superl of ungr youngest
yrkja <orti, ortr> vb (3) to work, esp cultivate; compose (verses); yrkja á [e-t] set about; mid attack one another, yrkisk á um [e-t] it begins
Yrsaf Yrsa (personal name)
yxnum, yxna see uxi
— Ý —
ýrit (also œrit) adv sufficiently
ýtri comp adj outer
ýztr superl adj outermost
— Z —
Zóe dróttning in ríka f Empress Zoe the Great
— Þ —
þaðan adv from there, thence; þaðan frá from that point onward
þagði 3sg past of þegja
þakka <-að> vb (1) [w dat] to thank
þangat adv to there, thither (motion toward)
Þangbrandr <-s> Thangbrand (personal name)
þann acc sg of dem pron sá
þannug (also þannig) adv thither, that way (= þann + veg); thus
þar adv there; þar sem conj where
þarf 1/3sg pres of þurfa
þat <acc þat, dat því, gen þess>pron it; n nom/acc of dem sá that (one)
þau <acc þau, dat þeim, gen þeira~þeirra> n pl pron they; those (ones)
þá adv then, at that time
þá f acc sg of sú; m acc pl of þeir
þá er conj when
þás = þá es (þá er)
þáttr <dat þætti, gen þáttar, pl þættir, acc þáttu> m tale, short
þegar adv at once, immediately; already; þegar á morgin first thing in the morning; þegar á unga aldri already by a young age; þegar um haustit that very autumn; conj as soon as, when
þegja <þegir, þagði, þagat> vb (3) to be silent, keep one’s mouth shut
þegnmsubject; freeman, a good man
þegnskapr <gen -ar> m generosity, open-handedness
þeim m dat sg of dem sá that (one) & all dat pl of þeir/þær/þau they; those (ones)
þeima (also þessum) m dat sg & all dat pl of þessi
þeir <acc þá, dat þeim, gen þeira~þeirra> pron they; those (ones) (m pl)
þeira (also þeirra) pron gen pl of þeir/þær/þau they; their
þekkja <-ti~þekti~þekði~þátti, -tr~þektr~þekðr> vb (3) to perceive, notice; know, recognize; þekkjast mid know one another
þennamacc sg of þessi
þess m/n gen sg of sá/þat
þessi (also sjá) <f þessi, n þetta, m acc sg þenna, m dat sg & all dat pl þessum~þeima, m/n gen sg þessa, m nom pl þessir, all gen pl þessa~þessar(r)a, f acc sg þessa, f dat sg þessi~þessar(r)i, f gen sg þessar~þessar(r)ar, n dat sg þessu~þvísa, n nom/acc pl þessi> dem pron this, these
þetta n nom/acc sg of þessi
þér <acc/dat yðr, gen yðarr~yðvarr> pl pron you; þér frequent dat of þú; see ér
Þiðrandi m Thidrandi (personal name)
þiggja <þiggr, þá, þágu, þeginn> vb (V) to accept; receive; accept lodgings
þinglogi adj indecl engagement breaker
þik acc of þú
þing n assembly, lit thing
þingmaðr (pl þingmenn) m thingman, follower of an Icelandic chieftain
ÞingvǫllrmThing-Plain (place name)
þinn <þín, þitt> poss pron your (sg)
þit <acc/dat ykkr, gen ykkar> dual pron you
þín gen of þú
þjóð <dat þjóðu, gen þjóðar, pl þjóðir> f people, nation
þjófr m thief
þjófsaugu n pl thief’s eyes
þjóna <-að> vb (1) [w dat] to serve
þola <þoldi, þolt~þolat> vb (4) to tolerate, endure
þollr m tree; fir tree
þora <-ði, þorat> vb (4) to dare
Þorbjǫrg <-bjargar> f Thorbjorg (personal name)
Þorbrandssynir m pl sons of Thorbrand
Þorfastr <-s> m Thorfast (personal name)
Þorfinnr <-s> m Thorfinn (personal name)
Þorgeirr <-s> m Thorgeir (personal name); Þorgeirr flǫskubakr Thorgeir Flask-Back
Þorgerðr <acc/dat Þorgerði, gen Þorgerðar> f Thorgerd (personal name)
Þorgils <gen Þorgils> m Thorgils (personal name); Þorgils Þorsteinssonar Thorgils, son of Thorstein (personal name)
Þorgrímr m Thorgrim (personal name)
Þorkell <-s> m Thorkel (personal name); Þorkell Geitisson m Thorkel, son of Geitir
Þorleikr <-s> m Thorleik (personal name)
Þormóðr <-ar> m Thormod (personal name)
Þorsteinn <-s> m Thorstein (personal name); Þorsteinn hvíti m Thorstein the White
Þorvarðr <-s> m Thorvard (personal name)
þó adv yet, though, nevertheless
þó 1/3sg past of þvá
ÞórafThora (personal name)
Þórarinn <-s> m Thorarin (personal name)
Þórdís <-ar> m Thordis (personal name)
Þórðr <-ar> m Thord (personal name)
Þórir <gen Þóris> m Thorir (personal name)
Þórólfr <-s> m Thorolf (personal name)
Þórr <dat Þór~Þóri, gen Þórs> m Thor, god of thunder, husband of Sif, son of Odin and Earth
þótt conj although
þótti 3sg past of þykkja
þóttisk 2/3sg past of þykkjask
þóttu poet = þó at þú
þrasa <3sg pres þrasir> vb (2) be belligerent
þrausk n rummaging
þreifa <-að-> vb (1) touch or feel with one’s hand; þreifask mid fumble, grope
þrekvirki n courageous deed, feat of strength
þrettán <ord þrettándi, thirteenth> num thirteen
þriðjungr <-s> m a third
þriði <f þriðja, n þriðja > ord num third
Þriði m Third, one of the three interrogators of King Gylfi
þrífa <þrífr, þreif, þrifu, þrifinn> vb (I) grasp; þrífa til [e-s] grab hold of [sb/sth]
þrír <f þrjár, n þrjú, acc m þrjá, dat þrim(r), gen þriggja, ord þriði, third > num three
þrír tigir num thirty
þrítugandi ord num thirtieth
þrjámacc pl of þrír
þrjárfnom/acc pl of þrír
þrjú n nom/acc pl of þrír
þrúðugr adj strong, powerful
Þrúðvangar m pl ‘Plains of Strength,’ Thor’s domain
Þrymr <-s> m lord among the giants
þræll <-s, -ar> m thrall, slave
Þrœndalǫg n Trondelag (place name)
Þrǫstr <-s> m Throst (personal name)
þumall <dat þumli, gen þumals, pl þumlar> m thumb
þumlungr <-s, -ar> m thumb (of a glove)
þungr <comp þyngri, superl þyngstr> adj heavy
þunnr adj thin
þurfa <þarf, þurfti, þurftu, þurft> pret-pres vb [aux] need; [w gen] need, have need of
þurft f need, necessity
þurs <dat þursi, gen þurs, pl þursar> m giant, ogre
Þurvi f Thurvi (personal name = OI Þyri)
þú <acc þik, dat þér, gen þín> pron you (sg)
þúsund <-ar, -ir> f thousand, usually long thousand, twelve hundred
þvá <þvær, þó, þógu, þveginn> vb (VI) to wash
þverr adj across; see also um þvert
þverra <þverr, þvarr, þurru, þorrinn> vb (III) to wane, decrease, grow less,
Þvinnill <-s> m Thvinnil, name of a Viking (personal name)
þvíndat of þat
því conj thus, therefore
þvígit = því-gi at [w comp adj] not the; þvígit fleira no more, not much more
þvísa (also þessu) n dat sg of þetta
því at conj for, because
því næst thereupon, then
þvílíkr adj such
þvít = því at
þykkisk 2/3sg past of þykkjask
þykkja <þykkir, þótti, þótt> vb impers (3) seem to be, [w dat subj] to think/believe, seem (to one); þykkjask mid seem to one, think oneself
þykkr <acc þykkvan> adj thick, close
þykkt adv thickly
Þyri f Thyri (personal name)
þýða (-ddi, -ddr) vb (2) to explain, interpret; signify; win over; þýðask [e-n] mid associate with [sb]
þær <acc þær, dat þeim, gen þeira~þeirra> pron f pl they; those (ones)
þættir nom pl of þáttr
þǫkk <gen þakkar, pl þakkir> f thanks
— Æ —
æ adv ever, always, forever
æja <ær, áði, áð> vb (3) to graze; rest
ær <acc/dat á, gen ær, pl ær, dat ám, gen á> f ewe or female sheep (with article ærin, ánn, ánni, ána, pl ærnar, ánum, ánna); ær ok lǫmb ewes and lambs; kýr ok ær cows and ewes; see ásauðr
ærinn adj sufficient
Æsir m pl of áss, one of the two major groups of gods
æti 3sg & pl past subjunct of eiga
ætla <-að-> vb (1) to intend, purpose, mean; think, consider
ætlan f intent
ætlat ppart of ætla
ætt <pl ættir> f family, kindred; generation
ættangrmfamily calamity or misfortune
ætti 3sg & pl past subjunct of eiga ævi f indecl age, time; alla ævi for all time, forever
— Œ —
œðri comp adj higher
œgishjálmr m helm of terror
œpa <-ti, -t> vb (4)to cry, scream, shout
œrinn (also ýrinn) adj sufficient
œrit adv sufficiently, overly, very
œxla <-ti, -tr> vb (2) tocause increase, multiply
œztr superl adj highest
— Ǫ/Ø —
ǫðlask <-að-> vb (1) to win, earn
ǫðru ndat sg of annarr
ǫðrum m dat sg; all dat pl of annarr
øfri var of efri
øfstr var of efstr
ǫfundarorðn pl slander, words of envy
ǫkkla <-lu> n ankle
Ǫku-Þórr m Thor the Charioteer
ǫl <dat ǫlvi, gen pl ǫlva> n ale, beer
ǫld <dat ǫldu, gen aldar, pl aldir> f age, time; poet man pl mankind, men
ǫldnu wk f acc sg of aldinn
ǫll f nom sg & n nom/acc pl of allr
ǫllu n sg dat; weak m/f/n nom/acc/gen of allr
ǫllum m dat sg, all dat pl of allr
Ǫlvir <gen Ǫlvis> m Olvir (personal name)
ǫnd <dat ǫnd~ǫndu, gen andar, pl andir> f breath; life; spirit, soul
ǫndóttr adj fearsome, terrifying
Ǫndóttr kráka m Ondott Crow (personal name)
ǫnnur fnom sg & n nom/acc pl of annarr
Ǫnundr <-s> m Onund (personal name)
ǫr <gen ǫrvar> f arrow
ørendi var of erendi
ørendislauss adj without effect, purposeless, lit errand-less
ørendislaust adv without purpose, in vain, for nothing; fara ørendislaust go in vain, without a purpose or reason
ǫrlǫgnpl fate
ǫrn <dat erni, gen arnar; pl ernir, acc ǫrnu> m eagle
ǫsku acc/dat/gen sg of aska
øx <acc/dat øxi, gen øxar, pl øxar> f axe
ØxarfjǫrðrmOxarfjord, Axe Fjord (place name)
ǫxl <gen axlar, pl axlir> f shoulder
Øxna-Þórir m Oxen-Thorir (personal name)